| A | B |
|---|
| photosynthesis | process by which plants convert the energy of sunlight into energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates (sugars & starches) |
| Jan Van Helmont | did experiments accounting for hydrate produced in photosynthesis |
| Joseph Priestley | did experiments that discovered oxygen |
| Jan Ingenhousz | proved light is necessary for plants to produce oxygen |
| autotrophs | organisms able to use a source of energy, such as sunlight, to produce food directly from simple inorganic molecules in the environment |
| heterotrophs | organisms that obtain energy from the foods they eat; they may eat autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both. |
| pigments | light is absorbed by these colored substances that absorb or reflect light; this begins photosynthesis. |
| chlorophyll | the principal pigment of green plants |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| makeup of ATP | a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups |
| What happens in "light reactions"? | energy of sunlight is captured & used to make energy-storing compounds |
| dark reactions | second stage of photosynthesis; uses the energy stored in NADPH and ATP to produce glucose; they don't require light to occur. |
| photosynthetic membranes | saclike structures within the chloroplast; light reactions take place here; dark reactions take place outside these membranes. |
| photosystems | Within photosynthetic membranses; clusters of pigment molecules that are able to capture the enrgy of sunlight. There are 2 photosystems in green plants: photosystem I & photosystem II. |
| electron transport | On their release from the reaction center, the high-energy electrons are transferred along a series of electron carriers in the photosynthetic membrane. |
| Calvin cycle | another name for dark reactions; see diagram pg. 121; glucose is produced in this cyle; sugars other than glucose, some amino acids, and some lipids can be formed. |
| glycolysis | In glycolysis, a series of enzymes catalyzes chemical reactions that change glucose, one step at a time, into different molecules. (p. 124) |
| respiration | The process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy. |
| Krebs cyles | The first set of reactions in respiration; it's a continuing series of reactions; it occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (p. 126) |
| fermentation | process that enables cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen; breakdown of glucose and release of energy inwhich organic substances are the final electron acceptors. |
| anaerobic | a process that does not require oxygen |
| lactic acid fermentation | a fermentation process that produces lactic acid |
| alcoholic fermentation | a fermentation process that produces alcohol. |
| calorie | the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius |
| 4 parts of light reactions | light absorption, electron transport, oxygen production, and ATP synthesis |
| PGAL | phosphoglyceraldehyde |
