| A | B |
|---|
| Scientific Revolution | a change that took place in the mid 1500s that involved a new way of thinking about the physical universe---was a change from accepting traditional ideas about the world to questioning traditional ideas about the world |
| heliocentric theory | the sun is the center of the universe |
| Galileo | built a telescope to observe the skies and he proved Copernicus’s theory |
| Isaac Newton | using mathematics proved that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun, which is called gravity |
| Scientific method | uses observation and experimentation |
| Enlightenment | a time period in the 1700s where people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason |
| Locke | Social contract: people agreed to give up the state of nature (life with no laws and gov’t) and create a gov’t |
| Locke | Believed people were naturally good and reasonable—people had natural rights of life liberty and property |
| Locke | limited power and was accepted by all citizensUnder the social contract it was the job of the gov’t to protect the people’s natural rights and people should act reasonably towards the gov’t. People had a right to overthrow gov’t if it failed to protect their rights |
| Hobbes | Believed people were naturally greedy, selfish and cruel |
| Hobbes | Best kind of government: absolute monarchy---it could keep order—He sided with the Stuart monarchs |
| Montesquieu | Believed in the separation of powers---the 3 branches of government(JEL—Judicial, Executive and Legislative) |
| Voltaire | Favored freedom of religion, press and speech |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Promoted women’s equality with men—believed in equal education for women as well as men so that they could contribute equally to society |
| Rousseau | Believed the right to rule rested with the people |
| Adam Smith | Wrote Wealth of Nations---believed in free market (natural forces of supply and demand) should be allowed to operate and regulate business---not the government |
| Physiocrats | thinkers who focused on economic reforms—supported laissez faire (“hands off”—the government should have a “hands off”/no interference with business) |
| Philosophes | The Enlightenment thinkers |
| Free Market | natural forces of supply and demand |
| Market Economy | another term for laissez faire capitalism or free market capitalism |
| Mercantilism | the government told businesses what to produce |
| Frederick the Great | Adopted some Enlightenment ideas |
| Enlightened despot | rulers who enacted social and political reforms in their countries |
| Catherine the Great | Expanded the Russian empire (took control of the Crimean peninsula), pursued reform, encouraged people to challenge tradition, extended religious tolerance, founded warm water port |
