| A | B |
|---|
| vesicle | sacs made of membrane |
| endomembrane system | nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vacuoles, and plasma membrane (not actually an endomembrane in physical location, but nevertheless related to the endoplasmic reticulum and other internal membranes |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
| List three functions of the smooth ER | synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons |
| List 2 functions of the rough ER | Secretes proteins (out of the cell), and acts as a membrane factory |
| glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them (most secretory proteins) |
| transport vesicle | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |
| Golgi apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum; we can think of the Golgi as a center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping. |
| cisternae | the flattened membranous sacs in the Golgi; look like pita bread |
| cis face | receiving department of the Golgi (usually located near the ER |
| trans face | shipping department of the Golgi |
| lysosome | a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecules; |
| phagocytosis | an act of digestion used by amoebas and other protists, where an amoeba eats by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles |
| autophagy | during autophagy, a damged organelle becomes surrounded by a membrane, and a lysosome fuses with this vesicle. The lysosomal enzymes dismantle the enclosed material, and the organic monomers are returned to the cytosol for reuse. |
| Food vacuoles | fuse with lysosomes to provide organic monomers for the cell |
| contractile vacuoles | used to pump excess water out of hte cell, thereby maintaining the appropriate concentration of salts and other molecules |
| central vacuole | large vacuole found in plants. |
| Uses for central vacuole | 1) can hold reserves of important organic compounds, such as proteins stockpiled in vacuoles 2) disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would endanger hte cell if they accumulated in the cytosol 3)may contain poisons to help protect the plant against predators 4) Allows the plant to grow without any additional cytoplasm |
| tonoplast | membrane surrounding the central vacuole |
