| A | B |
|---|
| classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response |
| unconditioned stimulus(UCS) | an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training |
| unconditioned response(UCR) | an organism's automatic(or natural)reaction to a stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus(CS) | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
| discrimination | the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli |
| extinction | the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimullus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | learnine in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence |
| reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| shaping | a process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones |
| aversive control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
| negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response byu removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
| social learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may resyt from observation or imitation |
| latent learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior |
| learned helplessness | condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable |
| modeling | learning by imitating others, copying behavior |
| behavior modification | systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings |
| token economy | conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards |
