| A | B |
|---|
| anatomy | study of the structures of the body |
| physiology | study of the functions of these structures |
| pathophysiology | study of changes in function caused by disease |
| pathology | study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions |
| etiology | study of the causes of diseases |
| anatomic reference systems | used to make it easier to describe the location and functions of body parts |
| vertical plane | up-and-down line at a right angle to the horizon. |
| horizontal plane | flat, crosswise line like the horizon |
| midsagittal plane{midline} | vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves |
| sagittal plane | vertical plane parrallel to the midsagittal line that divides the body into equal left and right portions |
| coronal plane{frontal plane} | vertical plane, at right angles to the sagittal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior porions |
| transverse plane{horizantal plane} | divides the body into superior and inferior portions. |
| cranial cavity | located within the skull, contains the brain, and the spinal cavity |
| spinal cavity | contains the spinal cord |
| homeostasis | maintaining a constant internal environment |
| thoracic cavity{chest cavity} | protects the heart and lungs |
| diaphragm | seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| abdominal cavity | contains primarily the major organs of digestion. |
| pelvic cavity | space formed by the pelvic bones. Contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory system |
| umbilicus{belly button or navel} | pit in the center of the abdominal wall amrking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus |
| groin or iguinal | lower region of the abdomen |
| peritoneum | organs located in the abdominal cavity are protected and suspended in place by the layers of a membrane |
| membrane | thin layer tissue that covers a suface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ |
| parietal peritoneum | outer payer of this membrane that lines the abdominal cavity |
| visceral peritoneum | inner layer of this membrane that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity |
| mesentery | layer of the peritoneum that supends parts of the intestine within the abdominal cavity |
| retroperitoneal | mocated behind the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity |
| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| cytology | study of cells |
| protoplasm | all the material that makes up the cell |
| cytoplasm | material located within the cellmembrane that is NOT part of the nucleus |
| cell membrane | structure surrounding and protecting the cell |
| nucleus | structure within the cell that contains nucleoplasm and chromosomes |
| nucleoplasm | protoplasm with in the nucleus of a the cell |
| genetic disorder{hereditary disorder} | disease or condition caused by defective genes |
| cystic fibrosis | genetic disorder of the exocrine glands |
| down syndrome{trisomy 21} | genetic syndrome characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple physical defects |
| phenylketonuria{PKU} | genetic disorder in which an essential digestive enzyme is missing, PKU, which can be detected by a blood test at birth, can lead to severe mental retardation if not detected and treated early |
| Tay-Sachs disease | hereditary disease marked by progressive physical degeneration, mental retardation, and early dough |
| Hemophilia | group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which one of the factors needed to clot the blood is missing |
| Sickle cell anemia | genetic disorder that causes the red blood cells to assume an abnormal sickle shape |
| muscular dystrophy | group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system. |
| genetic disorder | disease or condition caused by defective genes |
| congenital disorder | abnormal condition or anomaly present at birth. |
| fetal alchol syndrome{FAS} | congenital disorder caused by maternal influences |
| congenital anomaly | malformation, such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe, that is present at birth |
| anomaly | deviation from what is regarded as normal |
| Epithelial tissue | covers both the internal and external surfaces of the body |
| Epithelium | forms the outer layer of the skin and voers the external surfaces of the body |
| Endothelium | forms the lining of all of the internal organs including the blood vessels |
| Connective tissue | holds the organs in place and binds all parts of the body together |
| adipose tissue{fat} | another form of connective tissue |
| Histology | study of the structure, composition, and functuion of tissues |
| aplasia | lack of development of an organ or tissue |
| hypoplasia | incomplete development of an organ or tissue, but less severe in degree then aplasia |
| Hyperplasia | abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a tissue |
| dysplasia | abnormal development or growth, especially of cells |
| anaplasia | change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other |
| neoplasm | abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive |
| benign | not recurring, not malignant, with a favorable chance for recovery |
| malignant | tending to spread, becoming progressively worse, and life-threatening |
| gland | group of specialized cells that secrete materials used elsewhere in the body |
| exocrine glands | sweat glands, secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body |
| endocrine glands | do not have ducts and their secretions flow directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body |
| pancreas | only organ that functions as both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland |
| adenosis | disease condition of a gland |
| adenitis | inflammation of a gland |
| adenomalacia | abnormal softening of a gland |
| adenosclerosis | abnormal hardening of a gland |
| adenoma | benign tumor in which the cells form recognizable glandular structures |
| adenectomy | surgical removal of a gland |
| adolescent medicine | Is a specialist that treats special needs of patients between puberty and the completion of physical growth usually from 11 to 19 yrs old |
| allergist | specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity |
| anesthesiologist | physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery |
| anesthetist | person who is trained in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery |
| bariatrics | branch of medicine concerned with the study of obesity |
| obesity | is an excessive accumulation of fat in the body |
| cardiologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart |
| chiropractor | holds a Doctor of Chiropractic degree and specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine |
| dermatologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin |
| endocrinologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the glands of internal secretion |
| epidemiologist | specializes in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group |
| family practitioner | treats patients of all ages and centers around family units |
| gastroenterologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines |
| gerontologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases, disorders, and problems associated with aging |
| hematologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues |
| immunologist | specializes in the study of the immune system |
| internist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs |
| neonatologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn |
| nephrologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys |
| neurologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system |
| oncologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders |
| obstetrician | specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, chilbirth, and immediately thereafter |
| optometrist | specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine if corrective lenses or eyeglasses are needed |
| ophthalmologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eye |
| othopedist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles |
| osteopathic physicians | specializes in treating health problems by manipulation{changing of the positions of the bones}. Also traditional form of medical treatment |
| osteopathy | refers to any bone disease |
| parasitologist | specialist in the study of parasites |
| pathologist | performs autopsies and specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis |
| psychiatrist | specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness. |
| psychologist | specializes in evaluating and treating emotional problems |
