| A | B |
|---|
| Asexual reproduction | process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all of their genetic material from one parent |
| Sexual reproduction | process by which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent |
| Chromatin | combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| Chromosome | condensed threads of gentetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide |
| Sister Chromatid | one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides |
| Centromere | region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together |
| Cell Cycle | sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces |
| Interphase | stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body |
| Mitosis | process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei |
| Cytokenesis | process by which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two |
| Mitotic Phase | process by which the neucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei |
| Spindle | framework of microtubules that guide the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis |
| Prophase | first stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, when the already replicated chromosomes condense |
| Metaphase | second stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when the spindle is fully formed and all of the chromosomes are held in place |
| Anaphase | third phase of mitosis and meiosis I and II, in which the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle |
| Telophase | final stage of meiosis I and II, in which the chromosomes reach the spindle poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of daughter chromosomes, and the nucleoli reappear |
| Cell Plate | disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokenesis, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells |
| Cancer | disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle |
| Benign Tumor | mass of cells that remain at their original site |
| Malignant Tumor | mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division |
| Metastasis | spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body |
| Meiosis | type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell |
| Karyotype | display of a person's 46 chromosomes |
| Homologous chromosomes | one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent |
| Sex chromosome | one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender |
| Diploid | having two homologous sets of chromosomes |
| Gametes | egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair |
| Haploid | having a single set of chromosomes |
| Fertilization | the fusion of the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote. |
| Zygote | diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell. |
| Tetrads | groups of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by the two sister chromatids in each of the two homologous chromosomes. |
| Crossing over | exchange of gentetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
| Genetic recombination | new combination of genetic infromation in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis. |
