| A | B |
|---|
| isotonic solution | in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substance in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substance inside |
| hypotonic solution | in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substance is lower in the solution outside the cell that inside; causes cell to swell or burst as water enters the cell |
| hypertonic solution | in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than inside the cell; causes cell to strink as water leaves the cell |
| passive transport | movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis; uses no energy |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane |
| active transport | move particles from low to high concentration; requires expending energy; uses proteins that are pumps |
| endocytosis | active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside the cell |
| exocytosis | active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell |
| chromosomes | cell structure that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells |
| cell cycle | continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell |
| interphase | longest period when a cell grows and performs its functions (metabolism) - chromatin replicated |
| mitosis | period of nuclear division; leads to two daughter cells with identical DNA |
| chromatin | long, tangled strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus during interphase |
| prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes |
| sister chromatids | identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere |
| centromere | plays a role in chromosome movement during mitosis |
| centrioles | just outside the nucleus; made of microtubules |
| spindle | play a vital roll in the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis |
| metaphase | sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibers of the opposite centrioles at their centromere and move to the equator and line up |
| telophase | chromatids have reached the poles and a nuclear envelope appears around them; plasma membrane forms at the equator - two new cells are formed |
| anaphase | the sister chromatids separate and are pulled by the centromere to the opposite poles |
| cell size | limited by surface area to volume ratio. The volume grows faster than the surface area |
| cell reproduction | all cells come from prexisting cells |
| chromatin | long strands of DNA (found in nucleus) |
