| A | B |
|---|
| The primary curves of the spine are | thoracic and sacral |
| The secondary curves of the spine are | cervical and lumbar |
| Side to side translation of the L-spine is | gliding and that occurs in the frontal plane) |
| Superior and inferior translation in the L-spine | occurs vertically |
| Coupling is the consistent association of | one motion about an axis with another movement around another axis |
| In the Internal architecture of a vertebral body | the trabeculae are arranged along the lines of force transmission. |
| The Intervertebral Disc is responsible for | 20-33% of the length of the V. Column |
| The nucleus pulposus is made of | type 2 collagen to resist compression |
| The annulus fibrosus is made of | type 1 collagen to resist tensile forces |
| Within the disc | the collagen fibers in any two adjacent concentric bands are arranged in opposite directions |
| The outer third of the annulus is innervated by branches from the | vertebral and sinuvertebral nerves |
| Nutrition of the disc is by | diffusion through the central portion of the cartilaginous end plate |
| Schmorl’s Nodes are due to | intrusion of disc material into the end plate |
| The orientation of the zygapophyseal joints in the lumbar area favor | flexion and extension |
| The orientation of the zygapophyseal joints in the thoracic area favor | lateral flexion |
| Lateral flexion and rotation of the Lower L spine is limited by | the orientation of the zygapophyseal facets from L1 – L 4 . |
| In nutation theisre | anterior inferior movement of the anterior tip of the sacrum – posterior superior movement of the coccyx |
| In counter- nutation | the sacrum moves posteriorly and superiorly and the coccyx moves anteriorly and inferiorly |
| • Zygapophyseal facet orientation favors rotation | in the area of T12 - L1 |
| according to Cailliet: The Lumbar –Pelvic Rhythm | The lumbar spine flexes and the pelvis rotates anteriorly in the sagittal plane |
