| A | B |
|---|
| yellow journalism | This is a sensational style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure readers. |
| Rough Riders | This volunteer cavalry unit fought in a famous land battle in Cuba. |
| José Martí | This Cuban poet and journalist launched a Cuban revolution in 1895. |
| U.S.S. Maine | Soon after this was destroyed, the United States declared war on Spain. |
| Cuba | This nation gained its independence in the Spanish-American War. |
| de Lôme letter | Its criticism of the American president caused American resentment toward Spain to turn to outrage. |
| General Valeriano Weyler | This general forced Cubans to relocate to concentration camps, where thousands of them died. |
| Philippine islands | After the war, the United States paid 20 million dollars to Spain for the annexation of this land. |
| San Juan Hill | Theodore Roosevelt was declared the hero of this, even though he and his units played only a minor role in its capture. |
| George Dewey | He was the naval commander who led the American forces that steamed into Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish fleet. |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipinos who supported Dewey in the Philippines. |
| William McKinley | U.S. president who wanted to use diplomacy rather than war to resolve the issues between Cuba and Spain. |
| Teddy Roosevelt | Leader of the Rough Riders who would later become president of the U.S. |
| Treaty of Paris | Meeting between U.S. and Spain in which this was signed at the end of the Spanish-American War. |
| Panama Canal | Its construction ranks as one of the world's greatest engineering feats. |
| John J. Pershing | He led American forces into Mexico in pursuit of a Mexican revolutionary leader. |
| dollar diplomacy | Policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesses. |
| Woodrow Wilson | His policy of missionary diplomacy was used with Mexico. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | "Big Stick"diplomacy was the theme of his presidency. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | This official American policy, also known as "big stick" diplomacy, stated that disorder in Latin America could force the U.S. to send military troops into Latin American nations to protect American economic interests. |
| missionary diplomacy | The policy of denying recognition of Latin American governments that the U.S. viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. |
| Francisco "Pancho" Villa | American troops were sent into Mexico to try and capture this Mexican revolutionary leader. |
| Foraker Act | In 1900, Congress passed this which ended military rule and set up a civil government in Puerto Rico. |
| Platt Amendment | In 1901, the U.S. insisted that Cuba add several provisions to its constitution that were known as this. |
| John Hay | U.S. Secretary of State that issued the Open Door notes. |
| Phillipine-American War | This event was led by Emilio Aguinaldo and took place after the U.S. freed the Filipinos from Spanish rule. |
| militarism | the belief that a nation needs a large military force |
| Central Powers | an alliance of Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during WW1 |
| Allies | an alliance of Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy aans 7 other countries during WW1 |
| trench warfare | a kind of warfare during WW1 in which tropps huddled at the bottom of trenches and fired artillery and machine guns at each other |
| U-boat | submarines that the Germans used to block trade during WW1 |
| Woodrow Wilson | President of the US during WW1 who announced a policy of neutrality when the war started |
| neutrality | refusing to take sides in a war |
| Zimmerman telegram | a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the US entered WW1 |
| John J. Pershing | General in WW1 who led the American Expeditionary Force |
| American Expeditionary Force | During WW1, troops who were led by General John J. Pershing |
| convoy system | a heavy guard of dsestroyers that escorts merchant ships during wartime |
| Second Battle of the Marne | a 1918 battle during WW1 that marked the turning point in the war; allied troops along with Americans halted the German advance into France |
| Alvin York | American soldier who at first refused to bear arms and then went on to be a hero attacking German machine gunners in Oct. 1918 |
| armistice | an end to fighting |
| war bonds | a low-interest loan by civilians to the government, meant to be repaid in a number of years |
| propaganda | an opinion expressed for hte purpose of influencing the actions of others |
| Espionage Act | passed in 1917, this law set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities and for encouraging draft resisters |
| Sedition Act | an 1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the war; it set heavy fines and long prison terms for those who engaged in anti-war activities |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes | Justice who argued that free speech, guaranteeed by the First Amendment, could be linited, especially in wartime |
| Great Migration | the movement of African Americans between 1910 and 1920 to northern cities from the south |
| League of Nations | an organization set up after WW1 to settle internations conflicts |
| Fourteen Points | President Woodrow Wilson's goals for peace after WW1 |
| Treaty of Versailles | the 1919 treaty that ended WW1 |
| reparations | money that a defeated nation pays for the destruction caused by a war |
| Red Scare | in 1919-1920, a wave of panic from fear of a Communist revolution |
| Palmer raids | in 1920, federal agents and police raided the homes of suspected radicals |
| James Flagg | Poster Illustrator |
| Jeannette Rankin | First US Congresswoman |
| Herbert Hoover | Head of Food Adminstration |
| Woodrow Wilson | US President |
| Eugene Debs | Socialist Leader |
| David Lloyd George | Prime Minister of Great Britain |
| Arthur Zimmerman | German Foreign Minister |
| Vittorio Orlando | Itialian Premier |
| George Clemenceau | French Premier |
| U-Boat | German Submarine |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship |
| William Jennings Bryan | US Secretary of State |
| Zimmerman Telegram | Message sent from Germany to Mexico |
| Pancho Villa | Lead raids of American towns |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Leader of Austria-Hungary that was murdered |
| Allies (start of WWI) | Great Britain, France, Russia |
| Central Powers (start of WWI) | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
| John J. Pershing | American General that lead the "doughboys" |
| Selective Service Act | Required men to age 21-30 to register fo the draft |
| Bolsheviks | group that overthrew the Russian gov't in 1917 |
| Doughboys | name given to American troops |
| April 6, 1917 | date that the US declared war on Germany |
| November 11, 1918 | date that Germany agreed to armistice (cease-fire) |
| Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee) | group in charge of raising American awareness about the war |
| George M. Cohan | wrote patriotic songs including, "Over There" |
| Uncle Sam | Figure used to depict the American Government |
| Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 | forbade US citizens from criticizing the gov't war policy or hindering wartime directives |
| Schenck vs. United States | Supreme Court ruled that should an individual's free speech present "clear and present danger" to others, the gov't could impose penalties |
| War Industries Board | established to coordinate productions of supplies and munitions needed for the war |
| Victory Gardens, Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, Daylight Savings Time | ways that Americans could participate at home in aiding the war effort |
| $110 billion | total cost of WWI to the American public |
| Income Tax | 16th Amendment to the Constitution which helped fund WWI |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson's plan for world peace following WWI |
| One | number of Wilson's Fourteen Points that were accepted by the Big 4 |
| Big 4 | Wilson(US), George(Great Britain), Orlando(Italy), Clemenceau(France) |
| Paris | location of the meeting of the Big 4 to determine the terms of peace |
| Alsace and Lorraine | French territories returned by Germany after WWI |
| League of Nations | Wilson's 14th Point that was accepted by the Big 4 but rejected by US Congress |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican leader of the Senate that strongly opposed the League of Nations |
| Treaty of Versailles | document that was NOT ratified by the United States |
| Archduke Francis Ferdinand | his death "sparked" war |
| Imperialism | when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation |
| Militarism | build up of the military/preparation for war |
| Nationalism | pride in your own culture/desire for statehood |
| Convoy | naval method of protecting supplies with destroyers |
| Allies | Britain, France,Russia, Serbia |
| U-boat | Submarine--German |
| Autocrats | Absolute rulers |
| Sussex Pledge | Germany won't use U-boats without warning |
| Zimmerman note | Germany give land to Mexico |
| Lusitania | British ship, sunk in war |
| Preparedness | readiness for war |
| No-man's land | empty land between armies |
| Stalemate | no movement possible by either side |
| Pacifist | opposed to war |
| Alliances | agreements for support |
| Woodrow Wilson | "He kept us out of war." |
| Declaration of War | "Make the world safe for Democracy" |
| Warren G. Harding | President during the first part of the 1920's who was weak and let corruption take seat in the federal government |
| Calvin Coolidge | President of the 1920's who undid several progressive accomplishments in order to help big business. |
| Louis Armstrong | Jazz trumpet player of the Harlem Renaissance |
| Bessie Smith | Empress of the Blues, jazz singer of the Harlem Reniassance |
| Langston Hughes | Arguably the best known poet of the Harlem Renaissance |
| Babe Ruth | Professional Baseball player who saved the professional game with his amazing feats on the field |
| Duke Ellington | Piano player and band leader of the Harlem Renaissance |
| Marcus Garvey | African-American leader who led the Back-to-Africa Movement and the UNIA |
| WEB DuBois | Africn-American leader who helped form the NAACP |
| Charles Lindbergh | Pilot who was the first to fly non-stop across the Atlantic from New York to Paris. He became an American Icon. |
| Herbert Hoover | President of the United States when the Great Depression hit. He would receive the blame for the Depression. |
| Flappers | Young, cool, rebellious women of the 1920's |
| Henry Ford | Automobile maker who helped revolutionize American industry by pioneering the use of the moving assembly line. |
| flapper | casual and indepenendent woman |
| George Gershwin | this composer wrote original works like Rhapsody in Blue, the first jazz work for symphony |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | in his novel "the Great Gatsby", this novelist protrayed wealthy people leading hopelessly empty lives |
| Ernest Hemingway | wounded in WWI, this writer criticized the glorification of war and introduced a style of writing based on "hard little sentences" |
| Universal Negro Improvement Association | this black nationalist and artistic movment was founded by Marcus Garvey |
| Marcus Garvey | founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association |
| Harlem Renaissance | this was a literary and artistic movment that celebrated African-American culture |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | among the founders of this association of African-American and white reformers was W.E.B. Du Bois |
| Bessie Smith | singer--the "Empress of Blues" |
| Clarence Darrow | lawyer for John T. Scopes |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | NAACP leader |
| Langston Hughes | writer of working-class African-American lives |
| Zora Neale Hurston | writer of life for poor, southern African-Americans |
| Charles Lindbergh | first pilot to fly across the Atlantic |
| prohibition | social and legal movement of the 1920s that prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages |
| evolution | the Scopes trial was about whether or not this could be taught in the public school system |
| Great Migration | term refering to the movement of African Americans from the Southern US to the Northern US |
| nativism | favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people |
| isolationism | opposition to political and economic entanglements with other countries |
| communism | an economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property |
| red scare | panic in the U.S. after the Russian government was overthrown by Vladimir Lenin and his revolutionaries (Bolsheviks)...fear that communism would replace capitalism |
| anarchists | a person who opposes all forms of government |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | U.S. Attorney General that orders all suspected communists, anarchists, and socialist be jailed or deported |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | arrested, charged, convicted, and executed for robbery and murder in 1920--reason: Italian and radical, no hard evidence of guilt |
| Ku Klux Klan (KKK) | hate group that had 4.5 million members by 1924 and used the red scare as an excuse for their criminal activities |
| quota system | Emergency Quota Act of 1921 put limits on the number of people that could enter the U.S. from each country |
| Boston Police Strike | Calvin Coolidge, the governor of Massachusetts at the time, ended this event by sending in the National Guard |
| Coal Miners' Strike | example of the positive effects of unions for workers when they were given 27% wage increase |
| John L. Lewis | leader of the Coal Miners Union in 1919 (United Mine Workers of America) |
| Warren G. Harding | winner of the 1920 presidential election, "looked like a president ought to look" |
| Charles Evans Hughes | member of Harding's cabinet (Secretary of State) that urged no more warships be built for 10 years |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | In 1928, 15 countries sign this, renouncing war as a national policy |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff | 1922 policy which raised taxes on U.S. imports by 60% which protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition |
| Ohio Gang | Harding's group of poker-playing cronies that became members of his cabinet and were involved in scandalous activities |
| Teapot Dome scandal | Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall's secret leasing of oil-rich public land to private companies in return for money and land |
| Albert B. Fall | member of Harding's cabinet that was involved in scandalous activity of oil reserves in Wyoming |
| Calvin Coolidge | became President of the U.S. in 1923 following Harding's sudden death and supported business |
| Henry Ford | creator of the automobile and the assembly line which both have lasting effects today |
| urban sprawl | unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions (urbanization of cities) |
| superficial prosperity | a false sense of wealth through the accumulation of many material items that have been purchased using credit |
| installment plan | this allowed consumers to buy goods over an extended period of time without having to put much money down at the time of purchase |
| Henry Ford | Changed automobile production with the assembly line |
| W.E.B DuBois | The editor for the Crisis |
| Langston Hughes | leading Poet for the Harlem Renaissance |
| Louis Armstrong | Well-known jazz player of the time |
| Marcus Garvey | Promoted black nationalism & encouraged blacks to return to Africa |
| Charles Lindbergh | Flew the 1st solo transatlantic flight from NY to Paris in 33.5 hours in the Spirit of St. Louis |
| Harding, Coolidge,& Hoover | The 3 presidents of the 1920's |
