| A | B |
|---|
| nationalism | Pride in your nation's art, food, history, with a strong desire to rule youselves and a possible suspicion/dislike of other nations. |
| Hapsburgs (Austrian Empire) | Austrian royal family, ruled many German speaking nations before and after Napoleon |
| Francis Joseph | Conservative Hapsburg ruler of Austria from 1848-1916, granted Austria its first Constitution. |
| Dual Monarchy | Austria and Hungary remained separate states with their own constitutions and parliament, Francis Joseph ruled as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. |
| Francis Deak | Negotiated the Dual Monarchy between Austria and Hungary after Austria's defeat by Prussia in 1866. |
| Slavic Groups | People from Eastern Europe, includes Czechs, Slovaks, and many other nations who each wanted to rule themselves. |
| Balkans | Serbia, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Greece, these names are still changing, but you should know the area, its in the news all the time. |
| Ottoman Empire | Similar to the Hapsburgs, a multi-national empire from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East. |
| Serfs | Russians almost totally controlled by their masters; most were very poor peasant farmers. |
| "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism" | The pillars of Russian absolutism, supported by Czar Nicholas I and Alexander III. |
| Czar | An absolute ruler of Russia. |
| Czar Alexander I | Czar of Russia 1801-1825, his liberal ideas ended at the Congress of Vienna, afraid of nationalism, he supported a conservative rule. |
| Decembrist Revolt | Russian soldiers who had heard about Napoleon's ideas and demanded a constitution, Nicholas I ended this revolt. |
| Czar Nicholas I | A conservative czar, he sent liberal thinkers to Siberia and banned books from democratic countries. |
| Autocracy | Absolute power of the government over the people. |
| Alexander II | Czar from 1855-1881, emancipated the serfs, set up local governments, and legal reforms. Became more conservative as he got older and was killed by revolutionaries who wanted more reforms. |
| Crimean War | Russia tried to take Ottoman land, Britain and France helped the Turks and defeated Russia. The Russian people had not wanted this war and were angry about having to fight in it. |
| Zemstvos | Local (people controlled) governments created by Alexander II, responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture. |
| Emancipate | To set free. (in Russia the serfs were set free in 1861, it took 4 more years for the US to free all of its slaves.) |
| Socialists | Believe that the people as a whole rather than private individuals should own all property and operate all businesses. |
| People's Will | A revolutionary group whtat assassinated Czar Alexander II to protest his repression of the people of Russia. |
| Czar Alexander III | After his father was assasonated, this Czar tried to wipe out liberals and revolutionaries. He allowed only one language, Russian, and one religion, the Russian Orthodox Church. |
| Russification | The suppression of non-Russian cultures within Russia. |
| Pogroms | Government supported mob attacks on Jews in Russia. |
| Refugees | People who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere. |
| Czar Nicholas II | Final Czar of Russia, created the Duma (a legislative group) and the October Manifesto, but remained an autocratic ruler. |
| Count Serge Witte | Finance minister to Nicholas II, organized the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. |
| Bloody Sunday | Protestors in St. Petersburg, 1905, asking to end war and rule themselves were massacred by the Czar's soldiers. This killed the people's faith and trust in Czar Nicholas II. |
| Duma | Created by Czar Nicholas II, like the US Congress, all laws have to be approved by them before the Czar could put them into effect. |
| October Manifesto | Czar Nicholas II promised "freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union." in this "manifesto" after the people threatened to revolt in 1905 |
| The Revolution of 1905 | After "Bloody Sunday," city workers went on strikes, in the country, peasants revolted asking for land, and minority nationalists wanted self rule. |
| Autonomy | Self rule. Nationalist groups that wanted to govern themselves supported this. |
| Peter Stolypin | Prime Minister to Nicholas II, a conservative that killed protestors and yet introduced land reform. |
