| A | B |
|---|
| infection | a dis/process resulting from the growth of certain microorganisms in the living body |
| local | An abscess of the elbow is an example of a _ infn. |
| generalized | Septicemia is an example of a _ infn. |
| local with systemic | Pulmonary tuberculosis is an example of this infn. |
| the common cold | This is an example of an infn that is trivial and self-limiting |
| acute bacterial meningitis | This is an example of a life-threatening infn |
| AIDS | This is an example of an uniformly lethal infn |
| strep throat | This is an example of an infn that is readily responsive to treatment |
| essentially untreatable | Rabies is an example of this type of infn |
| pathogen | Any organism that is capable of inducing dis thru infn |
| bacteria | One celled organisms on the borderline b/n animals&plants,vary in capability of causing dis |
| Bacteria vary enormously in _, _& _ properties, & _ | structure, physical & chemical, dis-causing capabilities |
| fungi | Simple microscopic mold- or yeast-like organisms |
| parasites | Live on/in the human body,deriving their nourishment from it |
| infestation | Parasitical infection |
| Trichomonas is an example of a(n) | infestation |
| viruses | fragments of genetic material incapable of independent existence |
| Viruses cause dis by _ living cells, _ _ their operation at the _ level,& using them as _ grounds for _ _ _ _ _ particles, ultimately _ them | entering, taking over, cellular, breeding, hundreds of thousands of new viral, destroying |
| Chickenpox is caused by a | virus |
| Pathogenic microorganisms induce disease by a wide variety of _ | mechanisms |
| inflammation | A complex but stereotyped pattern of reaction whereby living tissue responds to injury in the broad sense |
| blood | In local inflammation there is generally an increase in _ flow thru the infected part |
| nature | the _ of the tissue in which an inflammatory reaction occurs determines in some measure the resulting symptoms |
| congestion, increased secretions | symptoms of inflammation in the respiratory tract |
| abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea | symptoms of inflammation in the digestive system |
| itching, blistering, and crusting | symptoms of inflammation in the skin |
| white blood cells | An inflammatory process includes production by the parent's tissues of chemical substances that attract _ to the area to repel, engulf, or destroy invading or proliferating microorganisms |
| suppuration | the process of pus formation |
| pus | _ is a mixture of white blood cells, dead tissue,& killed/inactivated pathogens |
| abscess | _: a local accumulation of pus, surrounded by a wall of inflamed tissue |
| inborn errors of metabolism | many pathogens have "_,"they are biologically defective in some way,so that they depend on their host for sustenance,or produce waste products that are harmful to the host,or both |
| toxin | a chemical substance produced by pathogenic organisms & causing harmful effects to a host |
| body proteins | some microorganisms (for example, some streptococci) prodcue toxins that break down _ & permit spread of the pathogens thru tissue spaces |
| cellulitis | _ : an infection characterized by wide infiltration of tissues by pathogens |
| toxin formation | _ is an important mechanism of disease production by many pathogens |
| fever, chills, headache & muscle aches, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, & general malaise | any severe or systemic infection may produce nonspecific symptoms such as _ |
| airborne | infections that can be spread thru the air,usualy by droplets of respiratory secretions but sometimes on particles of moisture/dust, or free-floating |
| bloodborne | referring to infections transmitted by blood transfusions,surgical/dental instruments contaminated w/ the blood of an infected person,needles shared by intravenous drug abusers,& and other blood routes |
| carrier | a person who has recovered from a communicable disease but still harbors living & virulent organisms & can transmit them to others |
| communicable disease | an infection that is capable of being transmitted in any way from 1 person to another |
| congenital | referring to infections acquired before/at birth |
| contagious | transmitted by close exposure |
| droplet spread | transmission of respiratory & other infections by fine mists of respiratory secretions expelled into the air by coughing/sneezing |
| fecal-oral route | some intestinal&other pathogens are transmitted from person to person in such a way that contamination of food/water,or direct physical contact,w/ the infected person's fece leads to ingestion of the pathogen |
| fomite | any inanimate object tht can be the means whereby pathogens are transmitted from person to person |
| host | a living organism on or in which another organism,usually a parasite,lives |
| infectious disease | any disease caused by infection; sometimes used in the narrower sense of transmissible disease |
| period of communicability | the length of time,often beginning before the appearance of syptoms, during which a person w/ an infectious disease can spread it to others |
| sexually transmitted disease | any infection that is transmitted from person to person thru sex |
| STD | abbreviation for sexually transmitted disease |
| transmissible | able to be spread from person to person |
| tropical disease | an infection/infestation that occurs predominantly or exclusively in tropical latitudes |
| vector | a living organism that transmits pathogens from an infected person to a healthy person (example: mosquitoes) |
| venereal disease | sexually transmitted disease |
| VD | abbreviation for venereal disease |
| disease or group | Any given pathogen tends to produce the same basic _ _ _ of diseases in all infected persons |
| virulence | The _ of a pathogen is its innate capacity to do harm |
| virulent | Some strains of an infecting organism may be more _ than others,& may thus be able to overcome the resistance of the host & able to escape destruction by medicines |
| mode of exposure (inhalation,ingestion,etc.), dose | The _ & the _ of a pathogen have a bearing on the extent & severity of illness produced, if any |
| host resistance | _ refers to the whole gamut of defenses by which a living body is able to repel,inactivate,/destroy pathogens that threaten to invade it |
| health, nutritional, skin, mucous membranes, immune system | general state of _, _ status, the integrity of _ and _, & most importantly the effectiveness of the _, all influence host resistance |
| immunity | a biological response of the living body to invading microorganisms or other noxious materials |
| lasting, perhaps lifelong | upon recovery from many diseases, one aquires a _ ability to resist infection by the same organism |
| severe, even lethal | when the immune system is impaired by congenital/acquired disease, infections may prove much more _ |
| produce opportunistic infections | organisms that are ordinarily unable to infect humans may _ in person w/ deficient immunity |
| incubation period | the interval b/n invasion by microorganisms & the 1st appearance of symptoms is called the _ of an infection |
| hematogenous route | some pathogens are spread by the _ (through the bloodstream) |
| channels | some pathogens move through lymphatic _ |
| bacteremia | the presence of bacteria in the blood, as detected by lab tests |
| toxemia | the presence of toxic products of an infecting organism in the blood |
| septicemia | when large numbers of virulent organisms & their toxic products are in the circulating blood, the condition is called _ |
| surface | microorganisms can _ along the surface of skin/mucous membranes |
| capacity, already invaded & caused disease | immunity is the _ of a living body to repel/destroy invading microorganisms or other noxious substances,& in particular to resist a 2nd attack by a pathogen that has _ |
| cellular immunity, humoral immunity | immunity involves a large number of processes depending primarily on white blood cells (_) & antibodies (_) |
| antibody | a complex protein, formed by cells of the immune system, that can recognize a specific target organism,combine w/ it,& bring about its inactivation/destruction |
| influence & alter | Immunity can strongly _ the course & prognosis of an infectious disease |
| diagnostically | An antibody produced by the immune system in respose to a specific pathogenic organism,& circulating in the patient's blood,can be used _ to identify the organism |
| vaccines, inactivated, antibody. natural antibody | _ consisting of killed or _ pathogens can cause the immune system to produce _ conferring resistance to those pathogense,just as if the subject had already had the disease and developed _ _ |
| x-rays, scans, endoscopy, location, character | _, _, and _ can provide specific information in the diagnosis of infectious disease, such as the _ and _ of an infection |
| blood tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate | _ such as the white blood count, the dfferential white blood count, and the _ can provide nonspecific clues to the presence of infection |
| principal | In general, the _ goal of diagnostic maneuvers in infectious disease is to identify the pathogen |
| causitive organism, removing, observing, detecting, blood | In the diagnosis of infectious disease, the _ can be identified in 1 of 2 ways: by _ a specimen from the body & visually _ the pathogen in the specimen, or by _ antibodies to the pathogen in the patient's _ |
| smear | a _ may be made from a specimen on a microscope slide & inspected by light microscopy |
| microbiologic smear, application, stains | ordinarily a _ _ is prepared for examination by the _ of 1 or more _ |
| dyes, structural, biochemical | stains are variously colored _ that render microorganisms more readily visible or that bring out distinctive _ or _ features |
| Gram stain, 2 large categories | the _ is a standard bacteriologic procedure that highlights structural features of bacteria & permits them to be separated into _ _ _ |
