| A | B |
|---|
| "Taxation without Representation" | Important quote from the colonists about England's policies towards taxing the Colonists |
| 13 Colonies | NH, MA, CT, RI, PA, NJ, DE, NY, MD, VA, NC, SC, GA |
| 13th Amendment | Constitutional amendment that abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | Constitutional amendment that made African Americans citizens |
| 15th Amendment | Constitutional amendment that gave black males the right to vote. |
| 17th Amendment | Direct election of US Senators |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibition - amendment making the production, sale and distribution of alcohol illegal. |
| 19th Amendment | Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. |
| 21st Amendment | Repeal of Prohibition |
| Abolitionists | People who were against slavery |
| Abraham Lincoln | President during the Civil War. |
| Amnesty Act 1872 | Act that freed former confederates in the South |
| Andrew Carnegie | Immigrant who started one of America's largest companies. revolutionized the Steel industry through the Bessemer process and integrating the factors of production both vertically and horizontally. |
| Andrew Johnson | Lincoln's Vice President, who was impeached by the House of Representatives when he was president in 1867. |
| Anglican Church/Church of England | State church of England. |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Place Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to Grant to end the Civil War. |
| Barbed Wire | Invention by Joseph Glidden |
| Barter or Trade | Exchange of one item for another |
| Bill of Rights | First Ten amendments added to the US Constitution |
| Bimetallism | Theory of backing US Currency on both Gold and Silver |
| Black Codes | New laws passed by Southern states to keep blacks form voting. |
| Black Tuesday | Day the Stock market crashed, October 29, 1929 |
| Bleeding Kansas | Nickname for Kansas after the Kansas-Nebraska Act based on the battle between Pro and Anti-slavery groups. |
| Blue/Union/Yanks | Names for the North During the Civil War |
| Bonus Marchers | WWI veterans and their families who marched on Washington, DC. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of a bonus they had been promised for military service. |
| Bootlegging | Illegal smuggling of alcohol into the country during prohibition |
| Border States MO, KT, MD, DE | States that were neutral during the Civil War. |
| Boulder Dam | a dam on the Colorado river now called Hoover Dam, it was built during the Great Depression as part of a public works program. |
| Boxer Rebellion | a 1900 Rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country form Western Influence |
| Boycott | To refuse to buy something in order to show disapproval |
| Buying on Margin | the purchasing of stocks by paying a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest. |
| Carpet baggers | Northern politicians who went to the South after the Civil War |
| Checks and Balances | The provisions in the US Constitution that prevent any branch of the US government form dominating the other two branches |
| Christopher Sholes | Inventor the typewriter |
| Congress | Federal Lawmaking body of the Legislative branch of government. |
| Conquered Provinces | The term that the Radical Republicans called the Southern states after the Civil War. |
| Constitution | "The Supreme Law of the Land" |
| Consumer | Person who uses goods and services |
| Consumption | Buyers and sellers exchanging goods. |
| Corporation | Large business which are owned buy stockholders. |
| Credit | an arrangement in which a buyer pays later for a purchase, often on an installment plan with interest charges. |
| Credit | Enables you to enjoy goods or services before paying for them fully. |
| Credit Mobilier | a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves. |
| Cyrus McCormick | inventor of the mechanical reaper |
| Declaration of Independence | the document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the delegates of the Continental Congress declared the colonies' independence from Britain. |
| Deflation | Drop in Prices that occurs when the demand for goods is less than the supply |
| Demand | Desire and ability to buy something |
| Depression | Period of economic hard times; when prices are down and money is hard to get. |
| Discrimination | Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice |
| Division of Labor | Dividing up the work to be done |
| Double Standard | a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women. |
| Dred Scott | Slave at the center of the Supreme Court case that decided that slaves were property in 1857. |
| Dugouts | Homes that were cut out of the side of a hill because of a lack of building timber. |
| Dust Bowl | the region including TX, OK, KS, CO, and NM, that was made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms during the 1930's. |
| Economist | Person who studies how things are bought, sold and used by a society |
| Election of 1896 | Election between Rep. William McKinley and Pop. William Jennings Bryan. McKinley was elected |
| Election of 1932 | Election Between Rep. Herbert Hoover and Dem. Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR was elected. |
| Electoral College | A body of electors chosen to elect the President and Vice President of the United States. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | an Executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863 freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines. |
| Entrepreneur | Person who brings together economic factors such as Land, Labor and Capital in order to make a profit |
| Executive Branch | The branch of Government that enforces the law. |
| Factors of Production | Land, Labor, and Capital |
| Farmers Alliance | groups of farmers, or those in sympathy with farming issues, who lecturers form town to town to educate people about agricultural and rural issues which eventually became the populist movement. |
| Federal Reserve System | The nation's banking system |
| Fireside Chat | These were radio talks by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt in which he attempted to explain various projects being undertaken by the government. |
| Fiscal Policy | Use of the federal government's power to tax and spend to regulate economic activity. |
| Flapper | One of the free-thinking young women who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the 1920's. |
| Flatiron Building/Skyscraper | Skyscraper in New York City famous for its triangular shape, helped to make use of the limited spaces of cities. |
| Foraker Act | Legislation passed by Congress in 1900 in which the US ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government. |
| Ford Theater | Theater in which President Lincoln was shot. |
| Fort Sumpter | Initial conflict of the Civil war |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Man who's economic reforms were called the "New Deal" |
| Free Enterprise | System in which businesses have the freedom to sell many kinds of goods and services and people have the freedom to buy what they want or need. |
| Free trade | The absence of trade restrictions |
| Freedmen | name given to freed slaves after the Civil War. |
| Freedmens Bureau | New federal agency established to help Southern blacks adjust to freedom. |
| Freedom of Religion | First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to practice one's religion or exercise one's beliefs without intervention by the government |
| Fugitive Slave | name for a run a way slave |
| George Washington | Commander-in-chief during the Revolutionary War and first President for the United States. |
| Gettysburg | A decisive Confederate defeat and a major turning point in the Civil War. The South would never fully recover. |
| Gold Standard | a monetary system in which the base unit of currency is defined in terms of a set amount of gold. |
| Goods | Products that humans need or want. |
| Grandfather Clause | a provision that exempts certain people form a law on the basis of previously existing circumstances. Especially a clause in some Southern states' constitutions that exempted whites from strict voting requirements. |
| Grange | the Patrons of Husbandry-a social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century. |
| Gray/Confederate/Rebs | Names for the South During the Civil War |
| Great Migration | The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern Cities in the early 20th Century |
| Greenbacks | First paper money printed during the Civil War, attempt to alleviate the money problems of the North. |
| Gross Domestic Product | GDP - Total goods and services produced by a country during a year within its borders.GDP = C + I + G + ( X - M) |
| Gross National Product | A measure of the nation's total output of goods and services during a given time. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Published the novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which stressed that slavery was a great moral struggle. |
| Herbert Hoover | President during the Onset of the Great Depression. 1929-1933 |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | Provided 160 acres of land in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was the head of a household and would cultivate the land for five years. |
| House of Representatives | The lower house of the U.S. Congress, where memberships is based on population. total = 435 members. |
| Impeach | The process to remove an officeholder before his or her term expires. |
| Inflation | Economic term for the situation that exists when money is less valuable and prices go up. |
| Integration | The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. |
| Interest | Money paid by people for the use of Bank money over a period of time. |
| J.P. Morgan | Made US Steel after buying out Andrew Carnegie. |
| Jazz Age | Cultural movement characterized by the style of music from New Orleans and the South pioneered by African Americans. |
| Jefferson Davis | The first president of the Confederate States of America. |
| Jim Crow Laws | Laws enacted by Southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities. |
| John Brown | Led 21 men on an armed uprising at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. Brown was caught tried, and hung for his part in the revolt. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Man who started the Standard Oil Company. |
| John Deere | Man who developed the steel plow |
| John Peter Zenger | Famous trial where he was accused and found innocent of libel |
| John Wilkes Booth | Man who shot Abraham Lincoln |
| Joseph Glidden | Inventor of barbed wire |
| Judicial Branch | Branch of government that interprets the law |
| Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 | Act that set popular sovereignty in the territories. Allowing the people to decide about slavery. |
| KDKA Radio | First radio station located in Pittsburgh |
| Ku Klux Klan | Secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern States after the Civil War. |
| Labor | Human work that produces goods or services |
| Legislative Branch | Branch of government that makes the laws |
| Libel | A false publication, as in writing, print, signs, or pictures, that damages a person's reputation |
| Literacy test | Test to make sure people could read or write before they could vote. Used to exclude blacks and poor southern whites from voting. |
| Louis Armstrong | 1922 trumpet player became perhaps the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz. |
| Louisiana Purchase | the 1803 purchase by the US of France's Louisiana Territory- extending the US from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains - for $15 million dollars. |
| Luxuries | Things people like to have but that are not essential to life. |
| Macroeconomics | The study of the economy as a whole. |
| Market | Place where a seller and a buyer meet to exchange goods |
| Medium of Exchange | Money or something else that is accepted by the people of a culture for goods and services. |
| Microeconomics | The study of the individual consumers and businesses. |
| Missouri Compromise 1820 | a series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states. Missouri and Maine are admitted to the Union. |
| Monetary Policy | Use of the federal government's power to control the supply of money and credit to influence economic activity in the nation as a whole, particularly inflation and economic growth. |
| Money | Anything that is accepted as a medium of exchange |
| Monopoly | Complete control over a good or service |
| Monroe Doctrine | US opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823 |
| Movies w/ Sound Talkies | Helped to change the role of women in Hollywood society in the 1920's. Taking them form playing hostesses and girlfriends to becoming accomplices, gangsters and owners of speakeasies. |
| New Deal | President Roosevelt's programs to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression. |
| New Theory of Government | Idea presented by John Locke, where the government is put in place to serve the people, when it fails to do so the people have the right to change or abolish it. |
| Open Door Policy | message sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, to European nations asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China. |
| Opportunity Costs | The best alternative given up when making a choice |
| Phyllis Schlafly | She was a leading conservative thinker who led the resistance to the Equal Rights Amendment. |
| Platt Amendment | a series of provisions that the US insisted Cuba add to its new Constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the US the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations. |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | Supreme court case where they ruled that segregation of the races in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine. |
| Poll Tax | An annual tax that formerly had to be paid in some Southern states by anyone wishing to vote. |
| Popular Sovereignty | a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. |
| Populism | a political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers |
| Preamble | Opening paragraph of the Declaration of Independence |
| Producer | A person who makes goods or supplies a service |
| Progressive Movement | an Early 20th Century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American life. |
| Promontory Point, Utah | Location where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads met to form the Transcontinental Railroad |
| Protectorate | A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. |
| Purse Strings | Terms used to describe how colonial legislatures could influence the royal governors, because they were dependent on them for their salary. |
| Radical Republicans | Name for a group of Republicans in Congress after the Civil War that wanted to punish the former Confederate states. |
| Radio | Brought news and entertainment into homes, and jazz became popular music. |
| Railroad Land Grants | Federal land given to railroads for the purpose of developing the Transcontinental Railroad. Parts of this land was then sold to settlers at a low cost to encourage settlement. |
| Raw Materials | Things like lumber, fuels and farm products that can be prepared for sale. |
| Recession | Slowing of business activity that is not as severe as a depression. |
| Reconstruction | Period of rebuilding after the Civil War. |
| Red Scare Bolsheviks | Americans became anxious when communists took control of Russia, because they feared that the same thing could happen at home. |
| Reform | To make changes for improvement in order to remove abuse and injustices. |
| Roaring 20s | A time considered very economically prosperous following World War I and ending with the Great Depression. |
| Robert E. Lee | Commander-in-chief of the Confederate forces during the Civil War. |
| Roe vs. Wade | The Supreme Court decision case which gave women the right to choose abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. |
| Scalawags | Southerners who had not taken part in the war and who tried to help the North during Reconstruction |
| Scarcity | Too small supply of goods and services to meet demands |
| Secede | the withdrawal of Confederate states from the Union. |
| Segregation | Separation of the races |
| Senate | The Upper House of Congress where membership is based on equal representation - 2 per state. |
| Separation of Church and State | the separation of religion and government mandated under the U.S. Constitution that forbids governmental establishment or preference of a religion |
| Separation of Powers | The Federal government is split into 3 branches, the legislative, executive, and judicial |
| Services | Jobs people perform in return for payment |
| Sexism | Commonly considered to be discrimination against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits. |
| Sharecropper | People who farmed another person's land, receiving a share of what they produced |
| Slander | Oral communication of false statements injurious to a person's reputation. |
| Social Security 3 parts | Law enacted in to provide aid to retirees, the unemployed, people with disabilities, and families with dependent children. |
| Soddies | A home built of blocks of turf |
| Solid South | nickname for South after reconstruction, commitment to Democratic Party |
| Sooners | Settlers that took advantage of the Oklahoma land rush |
| Speakeasy | A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during Prohibition. |
| Standard Oil | Founded by John and William Rockefeller, Oil refining and controlled 90-95% of all U.S. refining. Later broken up by court order |
| State Church | Government lead church |
| Steel Plow | invention by John Deere |
| Stock Market Crash | Oct 29, 1929; beginning of the Great Depression, caused by over production, deflation, and abuse of credit |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| Supply | Amount of something available for sale. |
| Susan B. Anthony | Civil Rights leader for Women's suffrage |
| Tenant Farmer | A farmer who owned animals and tools but fared someone else's farm. |
| Tenure of Office Act 1872 | Law that President Johnson was accused of breaking |
| Thaddeus Stevens | One of two prominent Radical Republicans after the Civil War |
| The Great Depression | A period lasting from 1929 to 1940, in which the US economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed. |
| Thomas Edison/Menlo Park | Man who invented the electric light, also the name of his laboratory |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President, Purchased the Louisiana Territory |
| Transcontinental Railroad | A railroad line that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1869 |
| Trust | A combination of firms or corporations for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices throughout a business or an industry |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Civil War general who became president after Andrew Johnson |
| Uncle Toms Cabin | Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe |
| Unemployment | A person that is out of work and is actively looking for work. |
| Unemployment - Depression | 25% of the population was unemployed at the height of the depression. |
| Union Pacific/Central Pacific | Two Railroads that met to form the Transcontinental railroad |
| US Steel | Organized in 1901 by J. P. Morgan, first billion dollar corporation |
| Veto | An authoritative prohibition or rejection of a proposed or intended act. |
| Warren G. Harding | President during the roaring twenties |
| WCTU | Women's Christian Temperance Union spearheaded the crusade for prohibition. |
| William Jennings Bryan | Populist Candidate during the 1896 and 1900 election |
| William McKinley | 1897-1901, Won the election of 1896 with Williams Jennings Bryan in the Republican Party |
| Women's Suffrage | Political movement for women's right to vote |
| World War I | The bloodiest war in history up to that time. Afterward Americans wanted a return to "Normalcy." |
| World War II | It did what the New Deal had not, it ended the Great Depression by mobilizing America's industrial capabilities and creating jobs. |
| WPA | An agency, established as part of the Second New Deal, that provided the unemployed with jobs in Construction, garment making, teaching, the arts, and other fields. |
| Yorktown | The battle of Yorktown is where General Cornwallis surrendered the British Army to the Continental Army, marked end of Revolutionary War |
