| A | B |
|---|
| status | a social position that an individual occupies |
| ethnomethodology | the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings |
| role strain | tension between roles connected to a single status |
| ascribed status | a social position a person receives at birth or assumes involuntarily later in life |
| personal space | the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy |
| presentation of self | Goffman's term for an individual's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others |
| social interaction | the process by which people act and react in relation to others |
| social construction of reality | the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction |
| master status | a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life |
| achieved status | a social position a person assumes voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort |
| social group | two or more people who identify and interact with one another |
| secondary group | a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
| expressive leadership | group leadership that focuses on collective well-being |
| scientific management | Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization |
| bureaucracy | an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
| rationality | deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task |
| tradition | sentiments and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
| outgroup | a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition |
| ingroup | a social group commanding a member's esteem and loyalty |
| network | a web of weak social ties |
| primary group | a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships |
| groupthink | the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue |
| reference group | a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions |
| dyad | a social group with two members |
| triad | a social group with three members |
| bureaucratic ritualism | a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of thwarting an organization's goals |
| organizational environment | factors outside the organization that affects its operation |
| oligarchy | the rule of the many by the few |
| bureaucratic inertia | the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves |
| rationalization | Max Weber's term for the change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought |
| status set | all the statuses a person holds at a given time |
| role | behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
| role set | a number of roles attached to a single status |
| role conflict | conflict between roles corresponding to two or more statuses |
| Thomas theorem | the assertion that situations defined as real are real in their consequences |
| dramaturgical analysis | Goffman's terms for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance |
| nonverbal communication | communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech |
