| A | B |
|---|
| Dense areas inside the nucleus made of DNA in thin, uncoiled strands and protein | Chromatin |
| Special proteins that get coiled tightly around by DNA | Histones |
| This coils tightly around histones | DNA |
| When DNA coil tightly around histones this structure appears as what | Chromosomes |
| Chromosomes consist of two identical parts called what | Chromatids |
| This is the point where chromatids are attached at | Centromere |
| Every species has a certain number of these in each cell | Chromosomes |
| How many chromosomes does a human have | 46 |
| In sexually reproducing organisms all chromosomes occur in pairs called what | homologous chromosomes |
| A cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair | diploid cell |
| A diploid cell in noted as what | 2N |
| A human cell has how many pairs of homologous chromosomes | 23 |
| A cell that has only one chromosome of each homologous pair is called what | haploid cell |
| A haploid cell is noted as what | 1N |
| What is formed when an egg and sperm join | zygote |
| The division of the cell nucleus in which the chromosomes in the parent cell divides into 2 identical sets | Mitosis |
| What is it that cell division is thought to be triggered by | size |
| A sequence of events that occurs in a cell from mitosis to mitosis | cell cycle |
| What are the three parts of the cell cycle | Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| What part of the cell cycle are periods of cell growth and development | Interphase |
| What part of the cell cycle is the division of the cell nucleus | Mitosis |
| What part of the cell cycle is the division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell and its contents into two daughter cells | Cytokinesis |
| What are the three phases of Interphase | G1, S, G2 |
| What is the first phase of interphase | G1 |
| Cells double in size, organelles double in number in what phase | G1 |
| What is the 2nd phase of interphase | S phase |
| Phase in which DNA in chromatin replicates | S phase |
| The 3rd phase of interphase | G2 |
| Phase in which the cell undergoes rapid growth that prepares it for mitosis | G2 |
| Most of the cells life is spent in what phase | Interphase |
| How many phases does mitosis have | 4 |
| What is the first phase of mitosis | Prophase |
| In what phase does chromatin coils and forms chromosomes and the nucleus and nuclear membrane disappears | Prophase |
| What are the two cylindrical bodies that move toward the opposite ends of the cell | Centrioles |
| what kind of fibers develop in the prophase | Spindle fibers |
| What are the two types of spindle fibers | polar and kinetichore |
| These fibers extend across the cell from centriole to centriole | Polar fibers |
| These fibers extend from the centromere of a chromosome to the centriole | kinetechore |
| What is the part of the centromere that controls chromosome movement | Kinetechore |
| What are the proteins that radiate from each centriole | asters |
| What is the second phase of mitosis | Metaphase |
| The kinetechore fibers move the chromosome to the center, or equator happens in what phase of mitosis | Metaphase |
| What is the third phase of mitosis | Anaphase |
| The centromere of each pair of chromatids divides in what phase of mitosis | Anaphase |
| Chromatids separate and move toward the opposite poles of the cell drawn by spindle fibers in this phase of mitosis | Anaphase |
| What is the fourth phase of mitosis | Telophase |
| Two identical sets of chromatids are clustered at opposite sides of the cell in this phase | Telophase |
| Centrioles and spindle fibers dissappear in this phase of mitosis | Telophase |
| Chromatids unwind and elongate into threadlike structures of DNA called what | Chromatin |
| The nuclear membrane forms again around each mass of chromatin and a nucleolus appears in this phase of mitosis | Telophase |
| This occurs when cytoplasm from the original cell splits and forms tow new cells | Cytokinesis |
| This is formed during cytokinesis of plant cells | Cell plate |
| This is formed at the equator of the cell and a new cell wall forms on either side of it | Cell plate |
| This is the process of nuclear division that redices the number of chromosomes | Meiosis |
| In both animals and plants, the two haploid cells fuse duing fertilization forming what kind of zygote | diploid |
| How many phases are the in meiosis I | 4 |
| What is the first phase of meiosis | Prophase I |
| These strands coil, shorten, and thicken and become chromosomes on Prophase I | DNA |
| What kind of fibers appear in prophase I | spindle fibers |
| Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear in this phase | prophase I |
| This occurs when every chromosome lines up next to its homologue | synapsis |
| This forms when homologous chromosomes twist around each other and may exchange parts between the two homologous of between other chromosomes | tetrads |
| Tetrad means what | four |
| this refers to the four chromatids in the two chromosomes | tetrad |
| what is the second phase of meiosis I | metaphase I |
| The tetrads are moved by spindle fibers to the equator of the cell in this phase | Metaphase I |
| What is the third phase of meiosis | Anaphase I |
| Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move to poles by spindle fibers | Anaphase I |
| What is the fourth phase of meiosis I | Telophase I |
| Cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells in this phase of meiosis I | Telophase I |
| Chromosomes coil again and new spindle fibers form in this phase of meiois II | Prophase II |
| What happens in the phase of Metaphase II | Chromosomes are moved to the equator |
| The centromeres jouning the chromatids divide, freeing each chromatid from the other, each is moved to a pole in this phase of meiosis II | Anaphase II |
| What happens in Telophase II | Spindle fibers dissolve, a nuclear membrane forms around each daughter cell |
| When meiosis II is complete what occurs next | cytokinesis |
| The nuclear divisions of meiosis results in how many daughter cells | 4 |
| In animals, the haploid daughter cells produced during meiosis become what | gametes |
| What are the two sexual reproductive cells in an animal | sperm and egg |
| What is produced in the male reproductive organs | Sperm |
| What is produced in the female reproductive organs | Egg |
| What structure is getting almost all of the cytoplasm | egg or ootid |
| What four structures are formed when the parent cell divides in meiosis | 1 ootid and 3 polar bodies |
| What are the other three cells that recieve little cytoplasm | polar bodies |
| The reproduction of offspring from one parent, with out the union of gametes | Asexual reproduction |
| The production of offspring that are identical to the parent | Asexual reproduction |
| What are the two types of asexual reproduction methods | Binary fission and Budding |
| What is the normal cycle of asexual reproduction | Binary fission |
| What is another name for Binary fission | mitotic division |
| The productiuon of offspring through meiosis and subsequent fusion of gametes | Sexual reproduction |
| Offspring are genetically different from both parents because genes are combined in new ways through what process | genetic recombination |
| This occurs between chromatids and when parts are exchanged | Crossing over |
| What process occurs when homologous pairs of chromosomes separate independently | Genetic recombination |
| What is the benefits of genetic recombination as it relates to survival | it introduces a variation between parents and offspring |
