| A | B |
|---|
| conservativism | ideology based on tradition and social stability, resistant to change |
| liberalism | ideology that people should be as free from restaint as possible |
| nationalism | a sense of national consciousness from common bonds that becomes the focus of an individuals political loyalty |
| socialism | favoring equality in social/economic conditions and replacing private ownership with collective cooperation |
| romanticism | artistic movement that rejected reason in favor of emotion. |
| populism | political philosophy that supports the rights of ordinary people in their struggle against the privileged elite |
| industrialism | development of large-scale industries and marked by the production of manufactured goods and employment in urban factories. |
| realism | art that emphasized evryday life of ordinary people with photographic accuracy |
| materialism | belief that truth is found in concrete material existence |
| darwinism | species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. |
| Metternich | central figure at the Congress of Vienna who promoted conservative order |
| Edmund Burke | the state is a partnership "between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born." |
| Joseph de Maistre | conservative who espoused the restoration of hereditary monarchy |
| Adam Smith | physiocrat wrote the "Wealth of Nations" |
| Thomas Malthus | "as population increases, these necessaries will be constantly rising in price, because more labour will be necessary to produce them." |
| David Ricardo | "Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.” |
| John Stuart Mill | "absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects" needs to be protected from government censorship |
| Thomas Macaulay | British member of Whig party who saw reform as better than revolution |
| Charles Fourier | developed ideal of phalanstery as model socialist community |
| Robert Owen | "humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment" like the factory in New Lenark, Scotland |
| Louis Blanc | socialist who saw that social problems could be solved by government assistance |
| Flora Tristan | preached the need for liberation of women through a "utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism" |
| Goeth | became the model of Romantic writing with tragic figures |
| William Wordsworth | his Romantic poetry embodied the ideal of love of nature |
| Caspar Friedrich | Man & Woman Gazing at the Mood |
| Joseph Turner | Rain, Steam and Speed |
| Eugene Delacroix | Lady Liberty |
| Beethoven | musician considered "a pure Romantic composer" |
| Alexander Herzen | a Russian national who saw the peasants themselves as the chief instrument for reform |
| Gustave Courbet | Stonebreakers |
| Jean-Francois Millet | The Gleaners |
| Richard Wagner | transformed opera into "music drama" with his Gesamtkunstwerk |
| Charles Darwin | wrote both the "Origin of the Species" and "The Descent of Man" |
| principal of legitimacy | restore the monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions |
| Congress of Vienna | meeting of members of the Quadruple Alliance to restore order in Europe |
| balance of power | prevent one country from dominating Europe |
| Quadruple Alliance | Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia |
| concert of Europe | means to protect conservative powers and prevent revolutions |
| principle of intervention | called for European powers to sent troops into countries of revolt to restore conservative control |
| capitalism | an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and the reinvestment of profits gained in a free market. |
| laizzes-faire | hands-off economics |
| population control | Malthus theory that nature would eventually control growth |
| iron law of wages | Ricardo theory that raising wages arbitrarily does not improve conditions for the poor |
| utilitarianism | all action should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people |
| phalanstery | small self-contained model communities where people live in community houses and rotate jobs |
| Gothic literature | form used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, expecially evident in horror stories |
| Communist Manifesto | revolutionary document of socialist ideology from Marx and Engles |
| evolution | principle that all plants and animals have evolved from earlier life forms |
| Karl Marx | "the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. Working men of all countries unite." |
