| A | B |
|---|
| Vaccine | killed or weakened microorganisms given to cause immunity |
| Virulent | deadliness of a disease-causing agent. |
| Transformation experiments | Griffith showed that DNA was the genetic material. |
| Bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| Nucleotides | makes up DNA; subunit of nucleic acid consisting of a nitogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate base. |
| deoxyribose | five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides. |
| Pyrimidines | class of organic, nitrogenous molecules in nucleic acid that has a single ring of carbon and nitrogen. |
| Base-Pairing rules | Chargaff's rules that state the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine equals the amount of guanine. |
| Double helix | spiral structure characteristic of DNA. |
| Complementary | characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other. |
| Replication | process of synthesizing a new strand of DNA. |
| Helicase | enzyme that unwinds a DNA molecule's double helix before replication. |
| Replication Fork | point at which the double helix of DNA separates so that it can be copied. |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA. |
| Intron | non-coding segments of DNA |
| Exon | sequence of nucleotides that gets translated and transcribed. |
| Transposon | gene that has the ability to move from one chromosomal location to another; jumping genes |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | single-stranded nucleic acid that carries out transcription |
| Hershey-Chase Experiments | conclusively proved DNA was the genetic material. |
| Uracil | nitrogen-containing base of RNA, complementary to adenine, substitute to thymine. |
| Gene expression | two-stage processing of information from DNA to proteins |
| Transcription | stage of gene expression in which the information of DNA is transferred to mRNA. |
| Translation | stage of gene expression in which the information of mRNA is used to make protein. |
| RNA Polymerase | enzyme that carries out transcription |
| Promoter | specific sequence of DNA that acts as a "start" signal for transcription. |
| Terminator | sequence of bases that tells RNA Polymerase to "stop" transcription. |
| Messenger RNA | RNA copy of a gene used as a blueprint for the making of a protein during translation. |
| Transfer RNA | Interpreter molecule that translates mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences. |
| Ribosomal RNA | type of RNA molecule that plays a structural role in ribosomes. |
| Codon | a three-nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a stop signal. |
| Genetic Code | sequence of nucleotides that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| Anticodon | a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that recognizes a codon on mRNA. |
| Chromosome puff | material accumulating at a site on a chromosome that is undergoing rapid transcription |
| Point Mutations | mutation in which one or just a few nucleotides in a gene are changed. |
| Insertions | in point mutations, addition to one or more nucleotides to a gene. |
| Deletion | mutation in which a nucleotide or segment of DNA is lost. |
| Substitution | a type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a gene is replaced wiht a different nucleotide. |
| Mutagen | mutation-inducing agent like asbestos, radiation and ultraviolet light |
| Carcinogen | cancer-causing substance |
| Cancer | a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth. |
| Oncogene | gene that, when mutated, can cause a cell to become cancerous. |
| Metastasis | spread of malignant cells beyond their original site. |
