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| The plasma membrane gives ___ and ___ to the cell. | shape and protection |
| The ____ regulates what moves into and out of the cell to maintain ____. | plasma membrane; homeostasis |
| The cell membrane is ____, which means it only allows certain things to pass through. | selectively permeable |
| The cell membrane is made up of __ and ___. | proteins and phospholipids |
| The cell membrane is arranged in a _______. | lipid bilayer |
| The ____ is a double layer of lipids arranged ____ to ____. | lipid bilayer; tail to tail |
| The polar heads of the lipds are _____ | hydrophylic |
| The 2 lipid tails are ____ | hydrophobic-non-polar |
| Polar substances are repelled by _____ | non-polar substances |
| Channels are a ___ | series of nonpolar a.a. sequences that form a dougnut shaped passageway though the lipid bilayer; |
| Channels are ____ in what they will allow to pass through. | specialized |
| Receptor proteins ____ | information receivers that relay messages from outside cell to inside cell; messages outside cell are obtained from specific hormones that fit specific receptor sites on outside of cell |
| Cell surface markers are ___ that ____ | carbohydrates; identify type of cell |
| Fluid mosaic model ____ | states that protenis are not fixed within the lipid bilayer and that they can move |
| The cell wall ____ | surrounds plasma membrane in plants and aids in protection and support |
| The nucleus is the ___ | brain of the cell |
| The nucleus is made up of these four things: | nuclear membrane/envelope, nucleolus, chromosones, chromatin |
| The nuclear membrane/envelope is made up of _____ and contains _____ for molecules to ____; ____ pass through to help regualte ____. | lipids; pores; pass in and out; proteins; cellular activities |
| The nucleolus is involved in_____ and ____; produces ____; site of ____ production | protein synthesis and cell reproduction; RNA; ribosome |
| Chromosomes are ________. | rod-shaped structures that contain the genetic code (DNA and proteins) |
| Every cell species has a specifiic # of _____ except for ____ cells, which have ____ the # of other cells. | chromosomes; sex; half |
| Chromatin- | cotains chromosomes; thin |
| Cytoplasm- | sol of a cell that lies w/i plasma membrane and suspends all other organelles/structures |
| Organelles- | tiny structures w/i the cell that perform specialized function |
| Cytosol- | the fluid portion of cytoplasm |
| The two "power-house" organelles are: | mitochondria and chlorplasts |
| Mitochondria- 1, 2, 3 | most cellular E is found here during aerobic phase of cellular respiration; changes chemical E in food to a usable form for cell; has an outer mebrane and inner membrane that has many folds that increase the surface area |
| Chloroplast-1,2,3,4,5 | found only in plant cells and algae; changes solar E from sun into a chemical energy; contains chlorophyll makes food in the form of sugar by using Water, Carbon Di, and sunlight; has 3 membranes |
| Chloroplasts contain ___ and ____ | cholorphyl; grana |
| Cholorphyl- | green pigment foundin grana in plants |
| Grana- | bodies of proteins and lipids that house chlorphyl |
| The protein factory organelles include: | ribsomes |
| Ribosomes are the | principle site of protein synthesis |
| Large amounts of ____ are found in ribosomes. | RNA |
| Ribosomes manufacture _____ | proteins for export |
| The location of the ribosomes may be____ | free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER |
| ER is only found in ______ | eukaryotes |
| The purpose of ER is to | help direct molecular movem't through the cell; export lipids and proteins through its vesicles |
| The two types of ER are: | smooth and rough |
| The manufacturing and shipping organelles include: | ER; Golgi apparatus |
| The 3 parts of smooth ER are: | lumen, vesicles, peroxisomes |
| lumen- | an interior compartment where exported proteins and lipids pass throughon their way to vesicles |
| vesicles- | enclose proteins and lipids; the vesicles break off and go to the Golgi apparatus |
| peroxisomes- | vesicles that contain enzymes that convert fats to carbs and change harmful molcules |
| Smooth ER- | does not have ribosomes attached; makes lipids; found in brain and intestinal cells |
| Rough ER- | does have ribosomes attached; makes proteins |
| Golgi apparatus- | series of membrane-bound sacs stacked upon each other |
| Golgi apparatus forms ____; is a storage place for _____; contains ____ that helps determine ____; four steps are: | lysosomes; proteins; enzymes; when lipids and proteins go to diff't compartments or out of the cell;modifies, collects, packages, distributes |
| Clean-up organelles include: | lysosomes |
| Lysosomes include: | red blood cells |
| Lysomes are also called | suicide sacs |
| Lysosomes-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | contain large amts. of enzymes to break down proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbs; digests and recycles molcules; has 40 different enzymes; carries out endocytosis; tay sachs affects lysosomes function |
| Red blood cells-1, 2, | lipoprotein membrane wears out after about 40 days in circulation; spleen degrades cells and remains are carried to liver via blood for resynthesis |
| Storage organelles include: | vacuoles and plastids |
| Vacuoles are: | fluid filled sacs that contain water, nutrients, salts, and carbs; |
| Vacuoles may help in | excretion in prokaryotes and plants |
| Vaculoes keep | plants erect by providing rigidity; if vacuole loses water, plant wilts |
| Plastid- | storage organelle in plants |
| Two types of plastids: | leucoplast; chromoplast |
| leucoplast- | food storage, converts glucose to starch |
| chromoplast- | store pigment molecules |
| Framework organelles: | cytoskeleton |
| cytoskelteon is made of: | microtubules, microfilaments, centrioles |
| cytoskeleton- | meshlike network w/i the cytoplasm that contains many filaments ot maintain cell shape and anchor organelles |
| microtubules- | long, slender, holow fibers used for support, expecially in flagelli and help chromosomes move in cell division by forming centrioles |
| microfilaments- | help in cytoplasm movem't |
| centriole- | found only in animal cells, made upof microtubules, and helps with cell reproduction |
| Miscellaneous plant organelles include: | lamella, pectin |
| lamella- | jelly-like substance containing pectin found betwn. cell walls |
| pectin- | jelly-like substance found in lamella |
| The two main types of transort include: | active transport and passive transport |
| Passive transport- | movem't of substances across a membrane and does not require the cell to expend E |
| 3 types of passive transport: | osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion |
| osmosis- | movem't of water from an area of greater concentration to an area of low concentration over a selectively permeable membrane |
| Osmosis is affected by 3 things: | hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic |
| hypotonic- | solution outside cell has a lower concentration of solute and a higher concentration of water, hence water will move into cell |
| Two parts of hypotonic: | lower solute/higher solvent (water); dilute solution |
| hypertonic- | solution outside the cell has a higher concentration and a lower concentration of water, therefore water willmove out of cell |
| Two parts of hypertonic: | higher solute/lower solvent; concentrated solution |
| Isotonic- | no net movem't of water; solution outside cell has same amt. of solute and concentration of solute/water |
| Osmosis has ____ pressure | Turgor |
| Turgor pressure- | pressure caused by water inside cell facing the cytoplasm and plasma membrane against the cell wall |
| Turgor pressure involves: | cytolysis; plasmlysis |
| Cytolysis- | "cell bursting"; too much water/sovent moves into cell and contractile vacuoles can't move water out fast enough and the pressure causes it to swell and burst |
| Plasmlysis- | "cell shrinking"; movem't of water/solvent out of the cell, due to decrease in Turgor pressure, as an answer to hypertonic solution outside of cell |
| Diffusion- | movem't of substances across a permeabl membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration; molecules move by own kinetic E |
| Diffusion is affected by: | concentration gradient, permeablity, equilibrium |
| Facilitated diffusion: | carrer protein takes molecules across membrane from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration; ocurs more rapidly than osmosis and regular diffusion |
| Active transport- | use of E to move molecules against a concentratin gradient |
| Active transport is affected by | avaliability of E contrition; harsh conditions |
| The cell/membrane movement of active transport includes: | endocytosis and exocytosis |
| endocytosis- | ability of cells to take in very large particles; plasma membrane folds around particle enclosing/engulfing it |
| endocytosis includes: | phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
| phagocytosis- | cell-eating; large particles |
| pinocytosis- | cell-drinking; small particles |
| Exocytosis- | movem't of particles to the outside of cell |
| The cell needs to fight ____ of needed particles that are moving out of the cell. | Facilitated diffusion |
| ______ pumps make ATP molecules. | proton |
| ______ pumps use the ATP to __________ outside the cell. | Sodium-potassium; accumulate sodium ions |
| _______ carry sodium ions along ______ molecules and into the cell. | Coupled channels; food |
| Chemiosmosis- | Proton pumps tranport H+ ions to ADP to make ATP |
| Chemisosmosis occurs in ___ and ____ | mitochondrian and chloroplasts |
| ______ uses more than 1/3 of the E expended by the cell to carry _____ ions out of the cell. | Sodium patassium pump; Na+ |
| The _____ in Na+ ions allwes Na+ to pick up _____ and bring them back into the cell via ______. | Increase; food molecules; coupled channels |
| Two types of communication: | direct and indirect |
| What happens in direct communication/phys. contact | gap junctions directly join cytoplasms of touching cells |
| Three types of indirect communication: | endocrine system, nervous system, cells surface receptors |
| Endocrine system uses | hormones |
| Nervous system involves the nerve and muscle cells using | neurotransmitters |
| Cells surface receptors are | specialized protenis that let the cell know when needed materials have to be bumped into it (l&k fit idea) |
| Cytoplasm can be influenced 3 ways: | a receptor acts as an enzyme, a second messenger is formed (ex. AMP), receptor channel may open |
| Two types f receptor channels: | gated channels, voltage gated channels |
| A gated channel is _______; ex. ______ | chemically controlled; muscle contraction messages |
| A volgate gated channels is ______ with voltage that runs along surface of _______; electrical charges cause gates to open _____ | electrically controlled; plasma membrane; momentarily |
| Catalysts drive ______ | chemical reactions |
| Catalysts lower ______ | activation E |
| Catalysts bind to ____ at ______ | substrates; active sites |
| Catalysts have _____ | active sites |
| Activation E initiates | chemical reactions |
| Chemical reations require | activation E |
| Chemical reactions make up | metabolism and biochemical pathways |
| Homeostasis is acheived by | passive and active transport |
| Passive transport works ____ the concentration gradient. | with |
| Active transport works ____ the concentration gradient. | against |
| Passive transport _______energy | does not require |
| Active transport _____ energy | requires |
| Active transport includes: | proton pump, sodium-potassium pump, exocytosis, endocytosis |
