| A | B |
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| Thomas Nast | German immigrant cartoonist. He painted the Harper’s Weekly on the Tweed ring’s massive fraud and corruption and other political cartoons. |
| New York Children’s Aid Society | founded by Charles Loring Brace in 1853 but was unable to cope with the explosive growth of urban poor in 1870s. |
| YWCA & YMCA | relief organizations |
| YMCA | provided housing and wholesome recreation for country boys who had migrated to the city |
| YWCA | similarly provided housing and a day nursery for young women and their children. It used ways for moral improvement by having curfews and possible expulsion for drinking or other forbidden behavior |
| Anthony Comstock, NY Society for the Suppression of Vice | was pious young dry-goods clerk founder of NYSSV. Organization demanded that municipal authorities close down gambling and lottery operations and censor obscene publications. |
| Jane Adams, Hull House | she purchased a dilapidated mansion on Chicago’s South Halsted Street in 1889 and opened it as Hull House. She turned it into social center for immigrants. They sponsored plays, art projects, classes in English, cooking, civics, and dressmaking. Adams encouraged immigrants to preserve their traditional craft. |
| Catherine Beacher, The American Woman’s Home | it reflected typical Victorian self-consciousness about proper manners. It focused on manners and social protocol |
| Salvation Army | founded by “General” William Booth. It sent uniformed volunteers to the U.S. in 1880 to provide food, shelter, and temporary employment for families |
| Charity Organization Society (COS) | approach to poor relief. It was founded in 1882 by Josephine Shaw Lowell. Although it did serve as a useful coordinator for relief efforts and developed helpful statistics on the extent of poverty, it was accused of being more interested in controlling the poor rather than alleviating their suffering |
| Social Gospel Movement | launched by Washington Gladden. This urged church leaders to mediate the conflict between business and labor but in the end was unsuccessful. |
| Old immigrants | northern and western European immigrants |
| New immigrants | Italians, Slavs, Greeks, and Jews from southern and eastern Europe, Armenians from the Middle East, and, in Hawaii, Japanese from Asia. |
| cult of domesticity | idealized the home as the “woman’s sphere.” They praised the home as a protected retreat where females could express their special maternal gifts. |
| Victorian morality and world view | emphasis on morals, manners, and proper behavior and it separated the higher and lower classes |
| Vaudeville | evolved out of minstrel shows and included a succession of acts all designed for mass appeal. It was full of animal routines, dance numbers, musical interludes, jaunty spoofs, comedy, etc. |
| Coney Island | a section of Brooklyn’s oceanfront that evolved into a resort for the masses in the 1870s. It was a place for young couples to go for dancing, riding through the Tunnel of Love, go on a rollercoaster, or enjoyed carnival environment |
| Ragtime | Black culture music-like spirituals |
| Genteel culture | group of upper class writers and magazine editors hope to create a coherent national artistic culture |
| Ellis Island, New York, NY Angel Island, San Francisco, CA | facilities for admitting immigrants into the U.S. |
| William Marcy Tweed and Tammany Hall | revealed the slimy depths to which extortion and contract padding could sink. It gave money to poor, schools, orphanages, and hospitals. It dispensed sixty thousand patronage positions and pumped up the city’s debt by $70 mil. through graft and inflated contracts. |
| Regionalist | captured the distinctive dialect and details of local life in their environs |
| Naturalists | deny free will and stress the ways in which life’s outcomes are determined by economic and psychological forces |
| Modernism in architecture and painting | rejection of Victorian refinement influenced this. It caused a shift in middle-class thought resulting from fundamental economic changes. |
| Andrew Carnegie | worked his way up from being a poor Scottish immigrant to becoming superintendent of a PA railroad, and began manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh in 1870’s. He combined salesmanship and used the latest technology to beat out competitors. He employed a business strategy known as vertical integration (a company would control every stage of the industrial process). He eventually sold his company to combine with J.P. Morgan’s to form the corporation, U.S. Steel. vertical integration – business strategy when company controls every stage of the industrial process, from mining raw material to transporting the finished product (ex. A car company expanding into tire manufacturing) |
| Horizontal integration | business strategy when a company expands its business into different products that are similar to current lines (ex. hot dog vendor expanding to sell hamburgers) |
| Standard Oil Trust | Founded by John D. Rockefeller, applied the latest techonologies and efficient practives, forced rival companies to sell out by extorting rebate from railroad companies and temporarily cutting prices for its kerosene, eventually controlled 90% of oil refinery business, used the business strategy of horizontal integration (former competitors where brought under a single corporation), eliminated waste in the production of kerosene to keep consumer prices low |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | prohibited any contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of commerce. United States v. E.C. Knight Company- Supreme court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing |
| National Labor Union | the first attempt to organize all workers in all states, both skilled and unskilled, agricultural and industrial workers together, championed the goals of higher wages,8 hour day, and a social program for equal rights for women and blacks, monetary reform, and worker cooperatives, key victory was winning the 8 hour day for workers employed by the federal government; lost support after depression and unsuccessful strikes of 1877 |
| Knights of Labor | began as a secret society in order to avoid detection by employers, led by Terence V. Powderly, opened membership to all workers, including African Americans and women. Powderly advocated a variety of reforms: 1) worker cooperatives to make each many his own employer 2) abolition of child labor 3) abolition of trusts and monopolies; preferred settling labor disputes by the means of arbitration rather than strike; union declined after the Haymarket riot |
| American Federation of Labor | concentrated on attaining practical economic goals, founded in association of 25 craft unions, did not advocate a reform program to remake American society, Samuel Gompers led the union from 1886-1924 and went after the basics of higher wages and improved working conditions, directed his local unions of skilled workers to walk out until the employer agreed to negotiate a new contract through collective bargaining |
| Terrance Powderly | led the Knights of Labor and advocated a variety of reforms including: 1) worker cooperatives “to make each many his own employer” 2) abolition of child labor 3) abolition of trusts and monopolies; preferred settling labor disputes by the means of arbitration rather than strike; union declined after the Haymarket riot |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | placed a 10 year ban on all new immigrants from China in 1882 |
| Haymarket Bombing | strike advocating an 8 hours day, labor violence broke out at Chicago’s McCormick Harvester plant, workers had a public meeting in Haymarket Square and as police attempted to break up the meetings, someone threw a bomb killing 7 police officers, 8 anarchist leaders were tried for the crime and 7 sentenced to death, led the Knights of Labor to loose popularity and membership |
| Eugene B. Debs | led Pullman strike against the Pullman Palace Car Co., in his Supreme Court case In re Debs, the court upheld Deb’s prison sentence and legalized the use of injunctions against labor unions, judicial system gave business a weapon with which to restrain labor organizers |
| Social Darwinism | Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection in biology played role in bolstering the views of economic conservatives, applied it to the marketplace and the poor |
| Thomas Edison | great inventor who established a laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ for the purpose of inventing new technology, the first modern research laboratory, his most important contribution to science and industry was the concept of mechanics and engineers working on a project as a team, patented more than a thousand inventions (phonograph, incandescent lamp, dynamo for generating electric power, mimeograph machine, and motion picture camera) |
| Greenback party | (1874 – 1884) advocated issuing large amounts of money; believed this would help people, especially farmers, by raising prices and making debts easier to pay |
| Bland-Allison Act | a response to the Fourth Coinage Act, or the, which demonetized silver; the bill re-allowed the coinage of silver |
| Halfbreeds | a unofficial sector of the Republican party – the opposing side of the Stalwart party and Conkling; favored civil service reform |
| Stalwarts | Conkling and his supporters; the "traditional" sector and opposed Hayes' civil service reform – favored political machines and patronage |
| Pendleton Act | placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the "spoils system." |
| "Billion Dollar Congress" | 1889 – 1891) for its lavish spending and, for this reason, it incited drastic reversals in public support that led to Cleveland's re-election in 1892 |
| Farmers' alliance movement | (1800s) designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers; strongest in the south and great plains, and was widely popular before it was destroyed by the power of commodity brokers – precursor to the Populist party |
| Populist Party | (short lived; late 1880s) flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard; called for unlimited coinage of silver |
| Plessey v. Ferguson | (1896) Supreme Court ruling which stated that public facilities could be segregated as long as facilities were equal for both race |
| Munn v. Illinois | (1876) Supreme Court ruling dealing with corporate rates and agriculture; allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads |
| Panic of 1893 & Depression of 1893-97 | precipitated by a run on the gold supply; too many people attempted to redeem notes for gold; ultimately the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and U.S. Notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold |
| Free silver | allowed to be minted freely at the rate of $1 per ounce. As the gold standard in effect at the time valued gold at the official price of $20 per ounce; result - policy would have been a considerable increase in the money supply and the resulting inflation |
| William Jennings Bryan | supported going to war with Spain in 1898; after the war denounced imperialism and opposed annexation of the Philippines; political flip-flopper |
| Liliuokalani | governor of Hawai'i; tried to create a new Constitution that would not limit her power - American interests within the Kingdom were concerned about foreign tariffs in the American sugar trade, and considered annexing Hawai'i as a means to protect their business |
| William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer, and yellow journalism | both were journalists for large newspaper such as the *New York Journal *who took part in "yellow journalism," which is sensationalized news which is either made up or out of proportion |
| The Maine: along the U.S. east coast and in the Caribbean area | February 15 – an explosion on board Maine (Havana Harbor); more than five tons of powder charges for the vessel's six and ten-inch guns ignited, obliterating the forward third of the ship. The remaining wreckage rapidly settled to the bottom of the harbor – a beginning element to the Spanish-American War |
| Teller | (1898) stated that when the United States defeated the Spanish Occupants, it would give the Cubans their freedom |
| Platt | (1901) a counter to the T.A.; ceded to the U.S. the naval base in Cuba and said that Cuba would not partake in any foreign agreements, deals, or alliances. |
| Anti-Imperialist League | (1898) fight the U.S annexation of the Philippines and other U.S. insular areas on economic, legal, and moral grounds. Its president was George Boutwell |
| Sitting Bull | Non-treaty Sioux found a powerful leader in the Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux chief and holy man Sitting Bull. Custer, underestimating the Indian enemy and unwisely dividing his forces, recklessly advanced against a large company of Cheyenne and Sioux warriors led by Chief Sitting Bull who had encamped along the little Bighorn. Custer and his troops were wiped out. In Montana, troops attacked Indian camps in the dead of winter destroying all supplies. Sitting Bull surrendered for lack of provisions: the slaughter of the buffalo had wiped out his tribe’s major food supply. Ever resourceful, Sitting Bull joined Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show for a time after his surrender and earned enough money to bring additional supplies to his people. |
| Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 | At first the plan seemed to work – Representatives of sixty-eight thousand southern Kiowas, Comanches, Cheyennes, and Arapahos signed it and pledged to live on land in present-day Oklahoma. It was hoped the tribes would take up farming and convert to Christianity. Behind the federal government’s persuasion lay the threat of force |
| Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 | Fifty-four thousand northern Plains Indians signed it and agreed to move to reservations on the so-called Great Sioux Reserve in the western part of what is now South Dakota in return for money and provisions. |
| “Custer’s Last Stand” | Custer’s ostensible purpose was to find a location for a new fort and to keep an eye on renegade Indians, but his real objective was to confirm rumors about the existence of gold in the Black Hills. He had become part of a deliberate army plan to force concessions from the Sioux. He proceeded to the little Bighorn River area of present-day Montana, a hub of Indian resistance. He underestimated the Indian enemy and unwisely divided his forces. Custer and troops were wiped out by Sitting Bull. A single creature was found alive: a horse that had belonged to one of Custer’s captains. This defeat made the army more determined. |
| Phoenix Indian School | A boarding school; Indians and nature were made to conform to white concepts of order, space, and beauty Dawes Severalty Act – Designed to reform what well-meaning whites perceived to be the weaknesses of Indian life – the absence of private property and the Native peoples’ nomadic tradition – by turning Indians into landowners and farmers. The law emphasized severalty, or the treatment of Indians as individuals rather than as members of tribes, and called for the distribution of 160 acres of reservation for farming, or 320 acres for grazing, to each head of an Indian family who accepted the law’s provisions. To prevent unscrupulous people from gaining control of the lands granted to individual Indians, the government would hold the property of each tribal member in trust for twenty-five years. Those Indians who at that point had accepted allotments would also be declared citizens of the United States. Bill’s strongest support had come from the “friends of the Indian” like Helen Hunt Jackson. Reformers systematically tried to “civilize” the Indian peoples and wean them from their traditional culture. It did not specify a timetable for the breakup of reservations. It eventually proved to be a boon to speculators who commonly evaded its safeguards and obtained the Indians’ most arable tracts. |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | “Friends of the Indian”; To help moderate American settlers’ antagonistic attitudes toward the indigenous Mexican-American population, popular writers like her sentimentalized an older, gracious Spanish-Mexican past and increased public sympathy for Spanish-speaking Americans. |
| California Spanish | American ranch overwhelmed by the onrushing tide of Anglo civilization was enormously popular. |
| Wovoka, Ghost Dance | Wovoka was a new prophet among the Great Basin Indians in Nevada who promised to restore the Sioux to their original dominance on the Plains if they performed the Ghost Dance. Wearing sacred ghost shirts – cotton or leather vestments decorated to ward off evil – the dancers moved in a circle, accelerating until they reached atrancelike state and experienced visions of the future. Many believed the ghost shirts would protect them from harm. |
| Wounded Knee | the bloodiest episodes of Indian-white strife on the Plains. On December 29, the Seventh cavalry was rounding up 340 starving and freezing Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, when an excited Indian fired a gun hidden under a blanket. The soldiers retaliated with cannon fire. Within minutes 300 Indians, including 7 infants, were slaughtered. Three days later, a baby who had miraculously survived was found wrapped in a blanket under the snow. She wore a buckskin cap on which a beadwork American flag had been embroidered. Brigadier General L. W. Colby, who adopted the baby, named her Marguerite, but the Indians called her Lost Bird. |
| Promontory Point | As the two sets of tracks – the Union Pacific’s, stretching westward from Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific’s, reaching eastward from Sacramento, California – met at Promontory Point, Utah beaming officials drove in a final ceremonial golden spike. The nation’s vast midsection was now far more accessible than it had ever been. |
| Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 | It authorized the construction of a new transcontinental link. It provided grants of land and other subsidies to the railroads for each mile of track laid, which made them the largest landholders in the West. Homestead Act – reflected the Republicans’ belief that free land would enable to poor to achieve economic independence. It offered 160 acres of land to any individual who would pay a ten-dollar registration fee, live on the land for five years, and cultivate and improve it. Because getting the Great Plains was so costly, most settlers migrated from nearby states. The act also proved attractive to immigrants from the British Isles as well as from Scandinavia and other regions of Europe where good-quality land was prohibitively expensive. The law didn’t function as Congress had envisioned – Advance agents representing unscrupulous speculators filed false claims for the choicest locations, and railroads and state governments acquired huge landholdings. The result was that only one acre in every nine went to the pioneers for whom it was intended. |
| Comstock Lode | An illiterate prospector, Henry Comstock, stumbled on the rich Comstock Lode along Nevada’s Carson River. Prospectors swarmed into the Rocky Mountains and uncovered deep veins of gold and silver near present-day Denver. It attracted a young male population thirsting for wealth and reinforced the myth of mining country as “a poor man’s paradise”. Virginia City, Nevada erupted in an orgy of speculation and building. |
| Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis | Although his assertion that the frontier was closed was based on a Census Bureau announcement, it was inaccurate. But his linking of economic opportunity with the transformation of the trans-Mississippi west caught the popular imagination and launched a new school of historical inquiry into the effects of the frontier on US history. |
| Oklahoma "Sooners" | On April 22, 1889, thousands of men, women, and children in buggies and wagons stampeded into the new lands to stake out homestead. “Sooners” had illegally arrived earlier and were already plowing the fields |
| John Wesley Powell | Those who went west to map the rugged terrain of the High Plains and Rocky Mountains were often awed by the natural beauty of the landscape. Powell waxed euphoric about its towering rock formations and powerful cataracts. |
| John Muir | Muir became the late nineteenth century’s most articulate publicist for wilderness protection. His spirited campaign to protect the wilderness contributed strongly to the establishment of Yosemite National Part in 1890. Two years later, the Sierra Club, an organization created to encourage the enjoyment and protection of the wilderness in the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast, made Muir its first president. |
