| A | B |
|---|
| cell cycle | the process of reproduction in eukaryotic cells |
| mitosis | the stage of the cell cycle when the cell's DNA splits into 2 parts |
| chromosomes | a structure of tightly coiled DNA in the nucleus of a cell |
| interphase | the "resting" phase of the cell cycle, where cells grow and copy DNA |
| Gap 1 | cells grow |
| Gap 2 | cells prepare for mitosis |
| synthesis | cells copy their DNA |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| asexual reproduction | a form of reproduction involving only one parent and producing offspring identical to the parent |
| sexual reproduction | a form of reproduction |
| meiosis | a process by which sex cells are created |
| genes | pieces of DNA that code for proteins/traits |
| homologous | matching |
| diploid | having a full set of chromosomes |
| haploid | having a half set of chromosomes |
| genetics | the study of DNA and genes in organism |
| heredity | the study of the passing of genes and traits from generation to generation |
| traits | a characteristic of an organism that can be inherited from the parents |
| offspring | the products of reproduction |
| fertilization | when gametes come together to form a zygote |
| monozygotic twins | identical twins |
| dizygotic twins | fraternal twins |
| dominant trait | a trait that appears when one dominant allele is present |
| recessive trait | a trait that only appears when there are two recessive alleles present |
| allele | a genetic "variable" that represents a gene |
| genotype | describes an organism's genes |
| phenotype | what an organism's characteristics are (describes an organisms traits) |
| heterozygous | having 2 different alleles |
| homozygous | having two of the same alleles (dominant or recessive) |
| incomplete dominance | when a heterozygous genotype has a mixed phenotype |
| hybrid | same as heterozygous |
| pure-bred | same as homozygous |
| true-breeding | same as pure-bred |
| pedigree | a chart that shows how a trait is inherited through a family. |
| double helix | the shape of DNA |
| nucleotides | the part of DNA that holds the bases - same as "bases" in 7th grade science |
| bases | A, T, G, C |
| base pairs | pairs of bases that match up with each other |
| amino acids | small sub-units of proteins - they form proteins by chaining together |
| mutation | changes that occur in the order of DNA base pairs |
| insertion | a type of mutation in DNA where a base pair is added |
| deletion | a type of mutation in DNA where a base pair is deleted |
| substitution | a type of mutation in DNA where a base pair is replaced with different base pair |
| point mutation | same as a substitution mutation |
| selective breeding | organisms with desireable characteristics are mated in hopes of producing an offspring with those desireable characteristics |
| genetic engineering | when scientists transfer genes from one organism to another in order to get certain characteristics |
| genome | a map of genes on chromosomes |
| mutagen | anything that causes a mutation in DNA |
