| A | B |
|---|
| bakody test | patient places affected arms palm flat on head, + is relief of pain, indicates IVF encroachment |
| Compression test | doctor places downward pressure on patients head, + radicular pain, indicates- nerve root compression |
| Jackson's compression | doctor places downward pressure on patients laterally flexed head, + radicular pain, indicates nerve root compression |
| Distraction test | patient rotates head to point of pain, head is returned to neutral, doctor puts upward traction by pulling up on occiput and chin and teakes head to area when pain was felt previously, + relief of pain, indicates nerve root compression if pain relieved, if pain is felt then muscle or ligament problem is suspected |
| Shoulder depression test | patient is supin, the doctor pushes the shoulder downward while laterally flexing the cervical spine to the opposite shoulder, then the patient rotates cervical spine to the opposite side, + radicular pain, indicates- adhesions of the dural sleeves or spinal nerve roots |
| Soto Hall test | Patient is supine, the doctor stabilizes the sternum while passively flexing the patients head to their chest, + local pain, indicates- vertebral bony lesion, especially compression fracture |
| Spurling's test | patient maximally rotates and flexes head to the affected side, the doctor delivers a vertical blow to the top of the patients head, + pain in neck, shoulder or arm, indicates nerve root irritation due to disc disease or cervical spondylosis |
| Valsalva test | + radicular pain, indicates- space occupying lesion |
| Naffzinger test | the examiner bilaterallyy compresses the internal jugular veins for about 30-45 seconds, ovserve the face for flushing which will indicate proper positioning. contraindicated in cardiac patients. + is pain, indicates- nerve root compression by disc extrusion or other mass |
| Allen's test | the patient is seated and asked to pump the blood from the hand while the examiner occludes the radial and ulnar arteries. the examiner instructs the patient to slowly open the hand. look for flushing of the pam as you release the artery, + delay of more than 10 seconds for the vlood to return may indicate an occlusion of corresponding artery |
| Adson's test (scalenus anticus) | the doctor abducts, extends and externally rotates the affected arm while monitoring the radial pulse. the patient is instructed to extend the head, rotate the chin to the tested side and take a deep breath, indicates- subclavian artery, cervical rib and or brachial plexus compression |
| Modified Adson's (Scalenus medius) | the doctor abducts extends and externally rotates the affected arm while monitoring the radial pulse. the patient is instructed to extend the head, rotate his chin opposite the side being tested and take a deep breath. indicates- subclavian artery, cervical rib and or brachial plexus compression |
| Eden's (costoclavicular) | the examiner monitors the radial pulse while patient draws the shoulders backward and downward, indicates subclavian artery and or brachial plexus compression |
| Wright's hyperabduction | the patient is seated while the examiner monitors the radial pulse as the patient actively moves the arm throuh 180 degrees, the procedure is then repeated passively. it is necessary to check the opposite side and if obliteration of the pulse is present on the asymptomatic side the test is negative. indicates- axillary artery and or brachial plexus compression |
| reverse bakody | patient is instructed to place hand on top of head. this increases pain indicates TOS |
| Apley's test | patient is instructed to reach across his chest and touch the opposite shoulder with the affected arm, then reach behind the head and touch the superior medial angle of the opposite scapula, then reach behind the back and touch the inferior angle of the opposite scapula, + is limited movement, indicates decreased active ROM |
| Codman's drop arm test | the examiner passively abducts the involved arm to above the level of the shoulder, then suddenly removes support, + is shoulder pain and hunching of deltoid, indicates rotator cuff tear. esp. supraspinatus |
| Apprehension test | the patient's arm is abducted and the elbow flexed to 90 degrees. the examiner externally rotates the arm, + is apprehensive look is observed on the patient's face, indicates chronic shoulder dislocation |
| Dawbarn's test | while deeply palpating the painful area on the shoulder, the examiner abducts the patient's arm, + is pain decreased or absent, indicates subacromial bursitis |
| Dugas test | patient places hand on symptomatic arm on the opposite shoulder and approximates the elbow to the chest, + unable to perform test, indicates shoulder dislocation |
| yergason's test | patients elbow flexed to 90 degress. examiner stabilizes the elbow with one hand and resists active supination by the patient, + pain or audible click in the area of the bicipital groove, indicates bicipital tendon instability |
| Cozen's test | the patients elbow is flexed to 90 degrees with the forearm pronated and the fist dorsiflexed. the examiner stabilizes the elbow and applies an opposing force to the patient's dorsiflexion, + pain in the area of the elbow, indicates- lateral epicondylitis aka tennis elbow or radiohumeral bursitis |
| Mill's test | the patient is instructed to extend the forearm, make a fist, flex the wrist and then maximally pronate the forearm, + pain in the lateral elbow, indicates lateral epicondylitis |
| Tinel's test | percuss over the course of the median nerve just proximal to the lesion with your finger or reflex hammer, + is tingling or reduplication of symptoms over the nerve distribution distal to the lesion |
| Phalen's test | the patient is instructed to place both hands in complete flexion with the dorsum of each hand touching for approx. 30-60 sec., + pain or reduplication of symptoms |
| Froment's paper sign | the examiner places a piece of paper between the patient's thumb and index finger and instructs the patient to hold it between the two digits, + is flexion of the thumb to compensate for paralysis of the adductor pollicis |
| Finklestein's test | the patient is asked to make a fist with the thumb tucked inside. the fist is then ulnar deviated, + pain in the anatomical snuff box, evaluates- abductor pollicis longus, and ext. pollicus brevis |
| Lasegue's aka SLR test | the examiner hold the heal of the affected side and stabilizes the knee while slowly raising the leg, + pain down the leg, indicates disc herniation, sciatica, lumbar lesion |
| Braggard's test | the examiner lowers the leg just below the point of pain in lasegue's and strongly dorsiflexes the foot, + sciatic pain, indicates- primary sciatica |
| Well leg raiser (Fajersztajn's test) | the unaffected leg is raised as in lasegue's the unaffected foot is then dorsiflexed, + pain down the affected leg, indicates medial disc protrusion |
| Millgram's test | patient actively reaises both legs about 2-3 inches off the table, + low back pain, indicates space occupying lesion |
| Goldthwait test | examiner lifts the affected limb while palpating the lumbosacral joint with the other hand, + pain, indicates 0-30 degrees ipsilateral is SI problem, 30-60 degrees is lumbosacral joint, 60-90 degrees is L1-L4 or contralateral SI problem |
| Lindner's test | examiner forces the head neck and dosolumbar regions into a large "C" shaped curve, + is radicular pain, indicates nerve root compression (posterolateral disc protrusion) |
| Bowstring test | perform SLR to pint of pain. the knee is flexed slightly then put on the examiner's shoulder until the pain goes away. digital pressure is placed on the area of the posterior thigh and then in the area of the popliteal fossa, + is leg or back pain, indicates nerve root compression from a disk, sciatica or piriformis syndrome |
| Belt (supported adams) test | patient bends forward and examiner notes when the pain occurs. the examiner's hip is braced against the patient's sacrum and stabilizes the pelvis by holding onto the ASIS's. the patient is asked again to bend from the waist, + pain after 2nd maneuver or painless after 2nd maneuver, Pain indicates- lumbar problem, painless indicates pelvic problem |
| Kemp's test | examiner leans the patient obliquely backward first into the side of antalgia and then out of the antalgia (antalgias posteromeidal disc into pain, posterolateral disc away from pain) + pain when moving the patient ouf of antalgia, indicates- postero meidal disc + kemp's away from pain, postero lateral disc + kemp's into pain |
| Beery's test | pain in the low back is relieved when going from a standing to a sitting position, + relief of pain, indicates- tight hamstrings |
| Neri's bowstring test | when bending from the waist, the knee flexes on the side of involvement, + buckling, indicates- tight hamstrings |
| Bechterew test | the patient is asked to extend one leg at a time the affected leg is raised first, the good leg is then raised then both legs are raised, + is pain dow |
| Minor's sign | patient arises from seated position with affected leg bent, balancing on healty side, grasping side of chair, positive- pain, indicates sciatica |
| Ely's test | + radicular pain, indicates lumbar nerve root adhesions |
| Nachlas test | + is pain in lumbosacral joints, indicates lumbosacral lesion |
| Gaenslen's test | + pain in SI joint, indicates SI lesion |
| Hip Abduction stress test | patient lies on unaffected side actively abducts affected lower limb at hip and holds in abduction examiner pushes down, +pain, SI lesion |
| lewin gaenslen's test | lie on side with involved side up, examiner stands behind stablize hip slowly hyperextend the affected leg, +pain, SI lesion |
| Iliac compression | patient in lateral decubitus position with affected side up, examiner places both hands on sup. ilium and pushes downward, pain, SI lesion |
| Hibb's test | knee flexed 90 degrees examiner stands on other side and pushes leg laterally, stabilize pelvis, pain, SI lesion |
| Yeoman's | examiner stabilizes the SI joint with one hand and maximally flexes the knee and hyperextends the thigh with the other, +deep pain in SI joint, indicates SI lesion |
| Patrick fabere test | figure 4 push down, +pain in hip, hip joint lesion |
| Laguerre test | Patrick test down in the air, push down on knee, + pain in hip, hip joint lesion |
| thomas test | patient supine maximally flexes knee and thigh on abdomen, +opposite thigh or knee raises off table, indicates hip flexion deformity |
| Allis test | supine, flex both knees 90degrees feet flat on table, compare knee height, +height difference, posterior displaced feomral head or femur shortened |
| Ortolani test | infant supine, legs abducted and externally rotated, +palpable/audible click, indicates congenital hip dislocation |
| Ober test | side lying affected side up, examiner abducts involved leg and allows leg to drop, + leg remains abducted, hip abduction contracture |
| Ely's sign | prone, knee flexed, foot to butt, +ipsilateral hip flexion, rectus femoris contracture |
| Ely's test | prone, knee flexed and heel brought to opposite buttock, thigh is hyperextended, + can't do it, hip lesion |
| Trendelenburg test | standing examiner palpates iliac crest, patient lift one knee to hip level repeats with other side, + gluteal fold lowers on side of raised knee, contralateral hip abductor weakness |
| most commonly injured muscle of knee | vastus medialis |
| genu varum | bowed legs |
| genu valgum | knock knees |
| abduction stress test | examiner applies a valgus stress to knee, abduct foot, + pain or excess laxity, MCL involvement |
| adduction stress | varus stress on knee while foot adduction, +pain or laxity, LCL involvement |
| apprehension test | displace patella inferiorly and laterally, + apprehension, chronic patellar dislocation |
| Drawer test | knee flexed 90 degrees examiner pulls tibia P-A and the A-P, + pain , P-A=ACL, A-P=PCL |
| Mcmurray test | palpate knee joint with thumb and index, knee flexed tibia rotated ext. extended, +click, medial meniscus problem |
| Noble compression test | IT band syndrome |
| Apleys compression | knee flexed, push foot externall and laterally while thigh is fixed, +pain, meniscus tear |
| apleys distraction | knee flexed thigh fixed, pull up on foot and rotate to each side, +pain, collateral ligament lesion |
| pes planus | flat foot |
| talipes equino varus | up on toes with toes pointing medial CLUB FOOT |
| anterior draw | tibia pushed post. and calcaneous pushed ant., + talus slide ant., unstable ant.talofibular ligament |
| Thompson's (simmonds) test | prone, feet dangling off table, calf squeeze on affected side, + loss of plantar flexion of the foot, achilles tendon rupture |
| Mcbride test | patient asked to approximate foot to mouth while standing, + refusal to do test, malingering |
| Mannkopf test | monitor radial pulse determine rate, mannual pressure applied by examiner to point of pain, +pulse increases by 10bpm, not malingering |
| magnusson's test | malingering |
| lasegue test | malingering |
| hoover's sign | malingering |
| chest expansion | tape measure around 4th intercostal breath in/out subtract measurements, +<2"for males, <1.5"difference for females, ankylosing spondylitis |
| Forestier bowstring | standing and instructed to laterally flex trunk to one side then the other, + ipsilateral tightening and contracture of paraspinal muscles, akylosing spondylitis |
| Lewin supine test | supine, examiner holds down thighs and ankles asks patient to sit up, +inability to sit up, ankylosing spondylitis |
| Swallowing test | pain when swallowing, ankylosing spondylitis |
| Brudzinksini test | supine, examiner stands behind and slowly elevates the chin to chest, + knee buckling, meningeal irritation |
| Kernig's | supine, examiner flexes thigh to 90 degrees and then tries to extend leg, + pain when leg is exteded or resisitance , meningeal irritation |
| apparant leg length | measurement from umbilicus to medial malleolus bilaterally |
| actual leg length | tape measure used to measure distance from ASIS to iliac crests and to the floor |
| Gower's sign | when arising from supine position patient turns to prone position and then climbs up on themselves, muscular dystrophy |
| Lhermitte's | patient instructed to flex chin to chest, + electric shock sensation down the back and arms, MS or demylinating cord lesion |
| Libman's | examiner applies pressure with both thumbs to the mastoid process of the temporal bone, + reaction of patient noticed, indicates pain threshold of patient |
| Rust's sign | patient holding head with both hands, indicate fracture, RA, acute sprain strain |
| Schepelmann's test | patient complains of unilateral chest pain, patient bends toward and away from the painful side, + more paint toward the side = intercostal neuralgia, more pain away from the side= dry pleurisy |
| Thomas' sign | patient is standing and examiner pinches traps, + goose-flesh above the level of adhesion, spinal cord lesion |
