| A | B |
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| What is the chemical "symbol" for lithium? | Li |
| What is the chemical "symbol" for sulfur? | S |
| What is the chemical "sysmbol" for krypton | Kr |
| If the "Atomic Weight" of an element is 65.3452, what would it be if rounded to two decimal places? | 65.35 |
| What are "Groups" on the Periodic Table - be specific? | Groups are the vertical columns in the Periodic Table |
| "Groups" are "marked" with what on the Periodic Table? | "Groups" are marked with a "Roman Numerals" followed by a "letter" |
| What is unique about elements in the same "group"? | These elements usually have similar properties. |
| The "group number" can give an indication of what? | "Grop numbers" can give an indication of the "number of valence electrons" for the "Representative Elements" |
| What are the rows on the Perodic Table called? | "Periods" |
| Across a row on the Perodic Table is added "what" for each successive element? | One(1) electron is added for each successive element |
| Eaach new row adds "what"? | Each new row adds another "energy level (or new electron orbit) |
| What is a "valence Electron"? | A "valence electron" are electrons on the outermost shell of an element |
| How on the Periodic Table can one find out the number of "valence electrons" an elements has? | By looking at the "Roman numeral" above the group that contains the element |
| In "Group I", all elements have one(1) valence electron except "what" element which has two(2) valence electrons? | Helium |
| One can better understand the make-up of an "element" by drawing what of it? | A "model" or "diagram" |
| Where are "representative elements" located on the Periodic Table? | "Representative elements" are located at "either end" of the Periodic Table |
| What can be used to predict the reaction of "Representative elements"? | Many of these elements "react" in a way that can be predicted by the "number of valence electrons that thye possess |
| Where are "Transtion elements" found on the Periodic Table? | The "Transition elements" are found in the middle section of the Periodic Table |
| Why are some element called "Transition elements"? | They are called "Transition Elements" because they are where "metals" move to "non-metals" or visa versa |
| What are "metalloids"? | These are elements that have "properties that are considered to be both "meallic" and "non-metallic" |
| Is it more difficult to predict how "Transition elements" will react | Yes, it is more difficult to predict how "Transition elements" will react |
| Where are the "metalloids" located on the Periodic Table? | The "mettaloids" are located on the Periodic Table "abovd and below the 'steps' seperating metals and non-metals |
| Is the element "aluminum" metallic or non-metallic? | Aluminum is "metallic" |
| Name the elements that are "metalloids" - | The elements that are "metalloids" are the following: !) boron 2) silicon 3) germanuim 4) arsentic 5) antimony 6) tellurium 7) polonium and 8) astatine |
| "Having no luster" is a characteristic of a "metal" or non-metal"? | Non-metal |
| "Conducting electricity" is that a characteristic of a "metal" or "non-metal"? | Metal |
| Being ductile" is that a characteristic of a "metal" or "non-metal"? | Metal |
| Define "ductile" - | "Ductile" means being easy bent or streched |
| "Being not mallable" is a characteristic of a "metal" or non-metal" - | Non-metal |
| Define "malleable" - | "Malleable" means to be easy bent or shaped. |
| List four(4) typical characteristics of "metals" - | 1) Luster (shiny) 2) Malleable (may be beaten into a sheet. maybe with a mallet) 3) Ductile (may be drawn into wire, like a duct - will bend without fracturing) 4) Conduct electricity (and heat) |
| List four(4) typical characteristics of "non-metals" - | 1) No luster (dull) 2) Not malleable (brittle) 3) Not ductile (brittle) 4) Does not conduct electricity (insulators) |
| What are "Joules" used to measure? | "Joules" are used to "measure heat energy" |
| Generally, does it take more energy to heat a "metal" or "non-metal"? | It is a general observation that it takes "more energy to heat to raise the temperature of a "non-metal than a "metal" - but there are definite exceptions to this |
| Are "metals" or "non-metals" better "conductors of heat"? | "Metals" are good conductors of heat while "non-metals" are poor conductors of heat |
| Define "Electronegativity" - | "Electronegativity" is a relative "measure" of the "strenght with which an atom pulls electrons towards its nucleus" |
| What does it mean for an atom to have a "high electronegativity"? | The atom pulls very strongly its electrons towards its nucleus |
| What does it mean for an atom to have "low electronegativity" | The atom does NOT have a strong pull on its electrons towards tis nucleus |
| What is the amount of "electronegativity" of an elements based upon? | It is related to the "type of chemical bond" tht is expected between two(2) atoms (whether the "electrons are transferred or shared) |
| What element is the "most" "electronegative element"? | Flourine |
| What element is the least "electronegative"? | Francium |
| Are "metals" or "non-metals" more electronegative"? | Non-matals are always more electronegative |
| What is the "Pauling Scale" used for? | Teh Pauling Scale is used to "measure electronegativity" |
| The "Pauling Scale" is based on a scale of what? | The Pauling Scales is based on a scale from " 0 to 4" |
| What is "Ioniztion energy (IE)"? | "Ionization energy (IE)" is the energy required to "remove an electron from an atom to produce a "cation (+)" |
| What element has the "highest" ionization energy level? | Helium |
| Which element has the "lowest" ionization energy (IE) level? | Francium |
| How does the "ionization energy" level increase on the Periodic Table? | Ionization energy (IE) increases from the bottom to the top of the Groups. This is because it is easier to remove an "electron" from an enery level (or orbit) that is further out from the nucleus |
| How does "ionization energy" increase along the Periodic Table? | The Ionziation energy increases lrft to right across rows as electronegativity increases |
| What can be said about the atoms toward the right of the Periodic Table? | The atoms to the right of the Periodic Table are more electronegative and therefore they bind their electrons more tightly. |
| What is the "atomic radius"? | The "atomic radius" is the "distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron" |
| What atom is the "smallest" atom? | Helium |
| What atom is the "largest" atom? | Francium |
| How does the "atomic radius increase" on the Periodic Table? | On the Periodic Table, the "atomic radius" increases from top to bottom of Groups, since adding electon rows increases the size of the atom. |
| How does the "atomic radius decrease" on the Periodic Table? | On the Periodic Table, the "atomic radius" decreases left to right across the rows as electronegativity increases |
| Is it "True" or "False" that "atoms toward the right on the Periodic Table bind their electrons more tightly. | True, because they are more electronegative and therefore they bind their electrons more tightly. |
| What is "ionic radius"? | The "ionic radius" is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron of an ion. |
| What two(2) general facts do we know about "cations" and "anions" and their relative "size"? | The general rule is thatg "cations" are smaller than their original atom because electrons have been taken away (example: Na+ is smaller than Na) - "anions" are larger because electron have been added to the atom (example: S2- is larger than S). |
| The Kind of "bonding between two(2) element"s can be revealed by what? | The kind of bonding between two(2) elements can be revealed by lookink at the difference in electronegativities between the elements |
| "Ionic Bonding" occurs when? | "Ionic bonding" occurs between elements with a large difference in electronegativity |
| Does "ionic bonding" most likely to occur when "elements are closer or father apart" on the Periodic Table? | When the elements are further apart on the Periodic Table - they are usually metals and non-metals |
| What is "ionic bonding"? | "Ionic bonding" occurs when one element wants to make an "octet" and their is a "transfer of electrons" - one element wants "to give a way electrons" while the other element wants "to accept electrons" to make an "octet" |
| What is "polar covalent bonding"? | "Polar covalent bonding" occurs between elemets with an intermediate difference in electronegativity |
| Where does "polar covalent bonding" typically occur? | Typically, "polar covalent bonding" occurs between two(2) "non-metals" with "some difference in electonegativity |
| Whaf is "non-polar covalent bonding"? | "Non=polar covalent bonding" occurs between elements with a small or no difference in electonegativity |
| If the element F (4.0) and F (4.0) has those electronegativity measurements, would their bond be "polar covalent" or "non-polar covalent"? | Their bond would be "non-polar covalent bonding" because the difference in their electronegativity is "0" |
| If the element FCl (3.6) and F (4.0) has those electronegativity measurements, would their bond be "polar covalent" or "non-polar covalent"? | "Polar covalent" because the difference in their electronegativity is .0.4 making the bond "polar covalent" |
| How many atoms of oxygen is in Na2O? | One(1) |
| How many atoms of oxygen is in TiO2? | Two(2) |
| How many atoms of oxygen are there in Al(OH)3? | Three(3) |
| How many atoms of oxygen are there in Fe2(SO3)3 | Nine(9) |
| Explain this bond: CO | One(1) atom of carbon is bonded to one(1) atom of oxygen |
| Explain this bond: CO2 | One(1) atom of carbon and two(2) atoms of oxygen are bonded together |
| Expain this bond: H2SO4 | Two(2) atoms of hydrogen are bonded to two(2) atoms of nitrogen and six(6) atoms of osygen |
| Explain this bond: CA(NO3)2 | One(1) atom of calcium bonded to two(2) atoms of nitrogen and six(6) atoms of oxygen |
| Explain this bond: CR3(PO4)2 | Three(3) atoms of chromium; Two(2) atoms of phosphorus; and, eight(8) atoms of oxygen |
| What is an "endothermic process"? | An "endothermic process" involves the absorbtion (or taking in) of heat from the surroundings or a heat source |
| What results in an "endothermic process" to the surroundings? | They surroundings get cooler |
| What is an "exothermic process"? | an "exothermic process" releases heat ot the surroundings |
| Is "water boiling" a endothermic or exothermic process"? | Endothermic process |
| "A gas stove lit" is a endothermic or exothermic process? | Exothermic process |
| "Melted ice" is an "endothermic or exothermic process"? | Endothermic process |
| Antoine Lavoisier in 1785 discovered what? | He discovered the "Law of the Conservation of Matter" |
| State the Law of Conservation of Matter - | "Matter is neither created nor destroyed |
| As a consequence of the "Law of the Conservation of Matter" what is true about chemical equations? | As a consequence of the law, it is known that the total mass of compenents on each side of a "balanced chemical reaction" must be the same |
| In 1842, Julius Robert mayer discovered what? | He discovered the "Law of the Conservation of Energy" |
| State the "Law of the Conservation of Matter" - | "Energy is neither created nor destroyed (It is now called the "First Law of Thermodynamics) - in other words, all "energy" needs to "go somewhere" |
| Where does "energy" go in a process? | "Energy" formed by any process is "absorbed by something in the surroundings". |
| In 1907, Albert Einstein invented what "formula"? | E = mc2 |
| As a result of Albert Einstein's "formula", what resulted? | The result was that the "Law of the Conservation of Mass" and the "Law of the Conservation of Energy" were murged into one law called the "Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy" |
| State the "Law of the Conservation of Mass-Energy" | "The total amount of mass and energy in the universe is constant" |
| As a result of Albert Einstin's "formula", what can be said about the relaitionship between "mass" amd "energy"? | That "mass" and "energy" are "inextricably linked" |
| What do we know when an "atom is split"? | We know that when an "atom is split" that it breaks into particles that have a combined mass of less thn that of the original atom - that the remaining mass (or mass difference) is released as "energy" - this is what generates the "huge amount of energy: associated with the detonation of a nuclear device. |
| What are two(2) classifications of "energy"? | They are "kinetic energy" and potential energy" |
| Define "kinetic energy" - | "Kinetic Energy" is "the energy of motion". |
| Define "potential energy" - | "Potential energy" is "stored energy" |
| Give an esample of "potential energy" - | A frog sitting on a lily pad |
| Give an example of "kinetic energy" - | A frog leaping |
| "Kinetic energy" can be in what forms? | 1) physical motion 2) heat 3) light |
| Name seven(7) regions that can be found on the Periodic Table - | 1) Alkali Metals 2) Alkaline Earth Metals 3) Transiion Metals 4) Other Metals 5) Non-metals 6) Non-metals that are Halogens 7) Noble Gases |
| What elements are represneted on the Periodic Table by the following symbols: 1) H 2) He 3) O 4) Al 5) Na 6) Ca 7) Cl 8) K 9) Pb 10) F 11) C 12) magnesium | 1) hydrogen 2) helium 3) oxygen 4) Aluminum 5) sodium 6) calcium 7) chlorine 8) potassium 9) lead 10) florine 11) carbon 12) Mn |
| On the Periodic Table, what are the chemical "symbols" for the following elements: 1) Silver 2) gold 3) bismuth 4) iodine 5) tin 6) nickle 7) mercury 8) francium 9) zinc 10) uranium 11) iron 12) sulfur | 1) Ag 2) Au 3) Bi 4) I 5) Sn 6) Ni 7) Hg 8) Fr 9) Zn 10) U 11) Fe 12) S |
| On the Periodic Table, where are the "Noble Gases"? | The "Noble Gases" is Group 18 - the vertical column on the extreme right of the Periodic Table |
| Name the "Noble Gases" with their chemical symbols - | 1) Helium (He) 2) Neon (Ne) 3) Argon (Ar) 4) Krypton (Kr) 5) Xenon (Xe) 6) Radon (Rn) |
| Which of the following elements are "Transition Elements": Li; Sb; Mn; In; Ba; Tc; Be; Fe; Zr; Xe; Cl; Ir | Mn; Tc; Zr; Ir |
| What are the Atomic Mass" of the following elements: 1) Manganese 2) Indium 3) Scandium 4) Carbon 5) Rhodium | 1) 54.9380 2) 114.82 3) 44.9559 4) 12.011 5) 102.9055 |
| Which of the following elemets are "Representative elements": Cs; Sg; S; Mg; He; B; At; Mt; O; Ru | Cs; S; Mg; He; B; At; O |
| What are the "Atomic Numbers of the following elements 1) Ba 2) Co 3) Te 4) Pm 5) No | 1) 56 2) 27 3) 52 4) 61 5) 102 |
| How much heat would be needed to raise the temperature of 100.00 grams of water from room temperature (22.000degrees celcius) to boiling (100,000 degrees celius)? ( given the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/gC ) | 32604 J or 32.604 kJ |
