| A | B |
|---|
| First New Deal | FDR’s plan after the Great Depression that focused on serving the three R’s = relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and reform of American economic institutions. FDR used such tactics as bank holidays, repeal of prohibition, fireside chats, financial recovery programs, programs for relief for unemployed, industrial recovery programs, and farm production control programs. |
| Second New Deal | concentrated on relief and reform with Works Progress Administration (WPA), Resettlement Administration (RA), National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act, Rural Electrification Administration (REA), and federal taxes. |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | to make loans to major economic institutions such as banks and insurance companies. By July of 1932, it had pumped $1.5 billion dollars into the economy. |
| bonus marchers | WWI veterans who marched on Washington to lobby for immediate cash payments of their veterans’ bonuses |
| John Dos Passos | wrote The 42nd Parallel, the first volume of a trilogy. He drew a dark panorama of 20th century America as money-mad, exploitive, and lacking spiritual meaning. |
| brain trust | under FDR’s group of academic advisors who helped create New Deal policies. |
| Frances Perkins | First Female in Presidential Cabinet |
| bank holiday | banks closed on March 6, 1933 for a bank holiday to allow enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis |
| Emergency Banking Act | authorized government to examine the finances of banks closed during the bank holiday and reopened those judged to be sound. |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $5,000. |
| the Hundred Days | on March 4, 1933, FDR called Congress into a hundred-day-long special session where Congress passed into law every request of FDR’s enacting major legislation than any single Congress in history |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums. |
| Federal Emergency Relief Act | offered outright grants of federal money to states and local governments that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless. |
| Harry Hopkins | close friend and advisor of FDR. He was the director of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | hired thousands of people in one of the nation’s poorest regions, the TN valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer. It sold electricity to residents of the region at rates that were well below those previously charged by a private power company. |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | encouraged farmers to reduce production (and thereby boost prices) by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under. |
| Public Works Administration | directed by the Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes, allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, and other public works. Later became a source for thousands of jobs. |
| National Recovery Administration | directed by Hugh Johnson. It was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor. It helped industries set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices finished goods. Also gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively. It was later proven by the Supreme Court to be declared unconstitutional (Schechter v. U.S.) |
| Federal Securities Act | required corporations to inform the Federal Trade Commission fully on all stock offerings, and made executives personally liable for any misrepresentation of securities their companies issued |
| the Securities and Exchange Commission | was created to regulate the stock market and it place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street crash in 1929. |
| Southern Tenant Farmers' Union | led by socialist party, emerged in Arkansas |
| "Okies" | nickname for migrating Oklahomans during the dust bowls |
| Charles Couglin | Detroit Catholic priest and radio spellbinder who attacked FdDR as a “great betrayer and liar,” made anti-Semitic allusions, and called for nationalization of the banks. His followers, later to become the National Union of Social Justice, seemed a potent force coming from mainly the lower middle class. |
| Francis Townsend | California physician who proposed that the government pay $200 a month to all retired citizens, requiring them to spend the money within thirty days. |
| Huey Long | FDR’s rival, a country lawyer elected governor of Louisiana who built highways, schools, and housing. He preached his “Share the Wealth” program |
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) | under operation of Harry Hopkins spent billions of dollars between 1935 and1940 to provide people with jobs. After first year, it employed 3.4 million men and women who had formerly been on the relief rolls of state and local governments. It paid them double the relief rate but less than the going wage for regular workers. Most WPA workers were put to work constructing new bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Unemployed artists, writers, and actors were paid by the WPA to paint murals, write histories, and perform in plays. |
| Federal Arts Projects | employed actors |
| Keynesian economics | the writings of British economist John Maynard Keynes taught Roosevelt that he had made a mistake in attempting to balance the budget. According to Keynes theory, deficit spending would be like “priming the pump” to increase investment and create jobs. As federal spending on public works and relief went up, so did employment and industrial production. |
| Resettlement and Farm Security administrations | replaced Rexford Tugwell’s Resettlement Administration. It made low interest loans making low-interest loans enabling tenant farmers share-croppers to buy family-size farms |
| Rural Electrification Administration | made low-interest loans to utility companies and farmers’ cooperatives to extend electricity to the 90% of rural America that still lacked it. |
| National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act | replaced the labor provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act, after it was declared unconstitutional. It guaranteed a worker’s right to join a union and a union’s right to bargain collectively. It also outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor. |
| Social Security Act | created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people’s working careers. |
| Revenue Act of 1935 ("soak the rich" law) | aka the Wealth Tax Act. It raised taxes on corporations and on the well-to-do to a maximum of 75% on incomes above $5 million. It expressed the Second New Deal’s more radical spirit. |
| Mary McLeod Bethune and the "black cabinet" | was director of minority affairs in the National Youth Administration. She was a Florida educator, head of Council of Negro Women, and a friend of Eleanor Roosevelt. She led the black cabinet which linked the administration and black organizations. |
| Molly Dewson | Democratic party’s women’s division leader and led effort to women voters. |
| Indian Reorganization Act 1934 | led by John Collier, a compromise measure, halted the sale of tribal lands and enabled tribes to regain title to unallocated lands. |
| Housing Act of 1937 | appropriated $500 million for urban slum clearance and public housing, projects that would loom large in the 1950s. |
| Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 | banned child labor and set a national minimum workweek of forty hours. |
| John Lewis | United Mine Workers |
| Sidney Hillman | Amalgamated Clothing Workers |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | started by John Lewis and Sidney Hillman because of frustrations with the AFL’s slowness in organizing factory workers |
| Walter Reuther | young autoworker and labor activist and leader of General Motors. |
| United Automobile Workers (UAW) | bearded workers who had vowed not to shave until victory was won streamed out of the plants. |
| Scottsboro boys | eight sentenced black youths to death on highly suspect charges of rape. It was an all-white jury. |
| Fascism | a form of government involving one-party rule, extreme nationalism, hostility to minority groups, and the forcible suppression of dissent |
| Nazism | a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to Hitler. |
| Popular Front | International developments and domestic political movement. It collapsed in August 1939 when the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact and divided Poland between them |
| Francisco Franco | Spanish fascist general who launched a revolt against Spain’s legally elected government, a coalition of left-wing parties |
| Spanish Loyalists | loyal to Spain’s elected government who rallied support from writers, artists, and intellectuals who backed the Popular Front. |
| Ernest Hemingway | supported loyalists. He wrote the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls which contrasted to the loyalist views. |
| John Steinbeck | wrote The Grapes of Wrath |
| James Agee | journalist who spent several weeks living with Alabama sharecropper families while researching a magazine article. With aid from Walker Evans, he created the masterpiece, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men in 1941. |
| Walker Evans | photographer who spent several weeks living with Alabama sharecropper families while researching a magazine article. With aid from James Agee, he created the masterpiece, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men in 1941. |
| Benny Goodman | challenged the color line in jazz including black musicians along with white performers. |
| Zora Neal Hurston | wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God |
| William Faulkner | wrote Absalom, Absalom! |
| Good Neighbor Policy | Stop’s interfering with Latin American countries. It was against Theodore Roosevelt’s Roosevelt Corollary |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian fascist leader and he wanted to create the Roman Empire. |
| Adolf Hitler | German fascist dictator. He was the leader of the National Socialist Workers Party, or Nazis. Elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he quickly established himself as an absolute dictator |
| Munich Conference 1938 | Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose inhabitents were mostly German-speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war |
| Nye Committee hearings | Gerald Nye of North Dakota believed that the U.S. should stay out of foreign wars. |
| Neutrality Acts | Isolationists senators and representatives in both parties held majority in Congress through 1938. To ensure that U.S. policy would be strictly neutral if war broke out in Europe, Congress adopted a series of neutrality acts, which Roosevelt signed with some reluctance. Each law applied to nations that the president proclaimed to be at war. |
| Neutrality Act of 1935 | authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid U.S. citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations. |
| Neutrality Act of 1936 | forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents. |
| Neutrality Act of 1937 | forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain. |
| German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939 | Hitler’s agreement with Stalin so that their nations would not fight one another and that they would divide Poland after Germany invaded. |
| Nuremberg Laws 1935 | outlawed marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews, stripped Jews of the rights of German citizenship, and increased restrictions on Jews in all spheres of German educational, social, and economic life. |
| Kristallnacht | (Night of Broken Glass) a frenzy of arson, destruction, and looting against Jews throughout Germany. |
| St. Louis | a vessel jammed with nine hundred Jewish refugees, asked permission to put its passengers ashore at Fort Lauderdale, Florida. |
| Battle of Britain | Air attack on Britain by German air force. Goal was to prepare the ground for German invasion. Aerial assaults killed or wounded thousands of civilians, destroyed the city of Coventry, and reduced parts of London to rubble. |
| Henry Wallace | Democratic candidate for election of 1940. FDR’s formal secretary of agriculture. |
| Wendell Willkie | Republican candidate for election of 1940 from Indiana |
| America First Committee | Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war. |
| lend-lease | program to supply war material to cash-strapped Britian. |
| Atlantic Charter | August 1941 - Drawn up by FDR and Churchill with eight main principles: Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of agressors |
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | an empire embracing much of China, Southeast Asia, and the western Pacific. |
| Hideki Tojo | Prime Minister of Japan (1941-1944) and leading advocate of Japanese military conquest during World War II. |
| Office of Price Administration (OPA) | Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II. |
| Manhattan Project | A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. |
| J. Robert Oppenheimer | Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and CalTech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer |
| The Second Front | The Russians were suffering heavy casualties fighting the German invasion of Russia. Stalin urged the Allies to open a "second front" in the west to relieve the pressure on the Russians. The Allies did so, but only after a long delay |
| Dwight Eisenhower | Served as the supreme commander of the western Allied forces and became chief of staff in 1941. Sent to Great Britain in 1942 as the U.S. commander in Europe. |
| Operation Overlord (D-Day) | June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. |
| Battle of the Bulge | December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. |
| Battles of Coral Sea and Midway | U.S. and Japanese fleets clash off the northeastern Australia. First battle in history to be fought entirely by planes from aircraft carriers. |
| Douglas MacArthur | Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack. MacArthur escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific. Recieved the Medal of Honor. |
| "Rosie the Riveter" | symbolized the woman war workers who assumed jobs in heavy industry to take up the slack for the absent 15 million men in the armed services. |
| A. Philip Randolph | president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, lead the March-on-Washington Movement to wake up and shock white America as it has never been shocked before. |
| Tehran Conferences | December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace. |
| Yalta conferences | February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula |
| Potsdam Conferance and Potsdam Declaration | In late July, after Germany’s surrender, only Stalin remained as one of the Bir Three. Truman was the U.S. president, and Clement Attlee had just been elected the new British prime minister. The three leaders met in Postsdam, Germany and agreed to (1) issue a warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally, and (2) hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders |
