| A | B |
|---|
| Define an acid according to Arrhenius. | A substance that produces/gives off/releases hydrogen ions (H+) when they dissolve in water. |
| Define a "base" according to Arrhenius. | A substance that releases hydroxide ions when they dissolve in water. |
| Define an acid according to Bronsted-Lowry. | Acid is a proton donor. |
| Define a "base" according to Bronsted-Lowery. | A base is a proton acceptor. |
| What is the limitation to the Arrhenius system? | Some bases have no hydroxide ion...NH3 is a base with no hydroxide ion. |
| What are the five properties of acids? | 1) Taste sour. 2) React with bases in a neutralization reaction to form a salt + water. 3) Turns blue litmus paper red. 4) Some metals react with acids to release H2 gas. 5) When you add acid to water you get hydronium ions. |
| When Zinc is added to hydrochloric acid what are the products? | Products are ZnCl2 + H2 gas. Metal and an acid. |
| When you add HCl to water what is the product? | H3O+ (hydronium ion) and Cl- (minus)(chloride ion). |
| What is a monoprotic acid? | An acid that donates 1 H+ ion. HCl, HNO3. |
| What is a diprotic acid? | Acid that donates 2 H+ ions. H2SO4 |
| What is a triprotic acid? | Acid that donates 3 H+ ions. H3PO4 |
| Which is stronger, an organic acid or a mineral acid? | Mineral acids are stronger than organic acids. |
| The strong acids are? | HNO3, Nitric, HCl, Hydrochloric, and H2SO4, Sulfuric. |
| The weak acids are? | H2CO3 Carbonic, H3PO4 Phosphoric, H3BO3 Boric, and CH3COOH Acetic. |
| What makes an acid strong or a weak acid weak? | The extent to which an acid dissociates to form ions determines the strength of the acid. |
| Why is HCl acid considered a strong acid? | It completly dissociates forming hydrogen (plus) and chloride (minus) ions. 100 molecules of HCl produces 100 hydrogen ions and 100 chloride ions. |
| Why is acetic acid considered a weak acid? | Most of it's molecules don't dissociate, only a few. 100 molecules of acetic acid will only produce 25 hydrogen ions. |
| How are acids generated? | By using an acid anhydride - an oxide that produces an acid when dissolved in water. SO2 + H2O --> H2SO3 (an acid) |
| Do "bases" accept or donate protons? | Bases are proton acceptors. |
| All bases contain hydroxide ions except...? | NH3 ammonia, CH3NH2 amine, maybe others. |
| NaOH is a strong base. What would you expect it to do in water. | Completly dissociate into Na+ and OH- ions. |
| Fe(OH)3, as well as most of the transition metal bases, is a weak base. What does it do when mixed with water. | Dissociates very little. For 100 molecules you would get 90 molecules of what you started with and 10 Fe+3 and 30 OH-1 ions. |
| How do you generate bases? | With "basic anhydrides" which are metal oxides that react with water to form bases. CaO + H2O, BaO + H2O |
| What is "ionization"? | Ionization is when a substance dissociates to form ions. |
| What are electrolytic solutions? | Solutions that conduct electricity. |
| What is a "strong electrolyte"? | Something that dissociates completly into ions, can be bases, acids, soluable salts. |
| What is a "weak electrolyte"? | Something that dissociates to form few ions. |
| What is a "non-electrolyte"? | Something that does not dissociate, forms no ions, does not conduct electricity. |
| What are "salts"? | Salts are ionic compounds, formed from neutralization. If they are soluable salts they conduct electricity. |
| If you mix a strong acid with a strong base what kind of salt do you get? | A neutral salt. HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O |
| If you mix a strong acid with a weak base what kind of salt do you get? | An acidic salt solution. 3HCl + Fe2(OH)3 --> FeCl3 + 3H2O |
| If you mix a strong base with a weak acid what kind of salt do you get? | A basic salt solution. 3NaOH + H3BO3 --> Na3BO3 + 3H2O |
| If you mix a weak acid with a weak base what kind of salt do you get? | A neutral salt solution. H3BO3 +Fe(OH)3 --> F3BO3 + H2O |
| What is meant by the term "pH"? | pH is a means of measuring the acid-base strength of solutions. |
| About 1 in five hundred million water molecules transfers a proton to another molecule. What is produced? | A hydronium ion H3O+ and a hydroxide ion OH- |
| In pure water the acidic hydronium ions and the basic hydroxide ions are in equilibrium. What is Molarity of both? | The Molarity of both ions is 1 x 10-7 power each, adding up to 1 x 10-14 power. |
| For water, the number 1 x 10 -14 power is called what? | It's referred to as the Kw of water meaning the dissociation constant, AKA the "Ion Product" of water. |
| What is the formula for the ion product of water? | Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] which is 1 x 10 -14 = [1 x 10 -7] [ 1 x 10 -7] |
| On the pH scale a pH of 7 is what? Acidic or basic? | Neither, 7 is neutral. |
| On the pH scale a pH greater than 7 would be which, basic or acidic? | Greater than 7 is basic. |
| On the pH scale a pH less than 7 would be which, basic or acidic? | Less than 7 is acidic. |
| Buffers are compounds that retain a constant _____ despite the addition of small amounts of acid or base. | They retain the same pH. |
| What is the chemical composition of a buffer solution? | A weak acid and it's "sodium" salt or a weak base and it's "sodium" salt. |
| What kind of acid is produced in our stomach? | HCl acid |
| What kind of acid is produced in our muscles when exercised? | Lactic acid |
| The metabolism of sugar produces what kind of acid? | Pyruvic acid |
| CO2 in the blood forms what kind of acid? | H2CO3 |
| What is the normal pH of blood in humans? | 7.35 - 7.45 pH |
| If a person is HYPOventilating the blood pH goes below 7.35. What is this condition called? | Respiratory acidosis. |
| If a person is HYPERventilating the blood pH goes above 7.45. What is this condition called? | Respiratory alkalosis. |
| Define titration. | Using the volume and concentration of a known solution to determine the concentration of an unknown volume of solution. |
| What is the "end point" in a titration? | The chemical indicator changes color telling you that the unknown has been completely used up. |
| When doing acid-base titrations you are reacting what ions? | H+ with OH- ions |
| The formula for calculating the unknown in a titration is? | Molarity of acid x volume of acid = molarity of base x volume of base. Ma x Va = Mb x Vb |
