| A | B |
|---|
L. Douglas Wilder,  | First African American to be elected a state governor in the United States. |
Arthur R. Ashe, Jr,  | First African American winner of a major men's tennis singles championship. |
Maggie L. Walker,  | First African American woman to become a bank president. |
| Desegregation | Stopping racial segregation |
| Integration | Full equality of all races in the use of public facilities. |
| Brown v. Board of Education | The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1954 that "separate but equal" public schools were unconstitutional. |
| Massive Resistance | Virginia's government fought to "resist" the integration of public schools. |
Harry F. Byrd, Sr,  | Virginia senator (later governor) who led a Massive Resistance Movement against the integration of public schools. |
| Civil Rights Movement | Resulted in laws that made racial discrimination illegal. |
| 18th and 19th century Virginia | A rural, agricultural society |
| 20th century Virginia | A more urban, industrialized society. |
| Roanoke | City that became a railroad center. |
| Railroads | Key to Virginia's growth after Reconstruction. |
| Tazewell County | Coal was discovered in this county (in southwestern Virginia) after the Civil War. |
| Unfair poll taxes and voting tests | Made to keep African Americans from voting. |
| Discrimination | An unfair difference in the treatment of people. |
| Segregation | The separation of people, usually based on race or religion. |
| "Jim Crow" Laws | Established segregation or separation of the races. |
| Reconstruction | The period following the Civil War in which Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring the southern states back into the Union. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | A government agency that provided food, schools, and medical care for freed slaves and others in Virginia and the rest of the South. |
| Sharecropping | Freedmen and poor white farmers rented land from a landowner by promising to pay the owner with a share of the crop. |
