| A | B |
|---|
| Dysuria | painful urination |
| Conditions which result in dysuria | Inflammation associated with bacterial, venereal, and inflammatory disorders, cystitis, urethritis |
| Stress incontinence | involuntary passage of small amounts of urine on coughing |
| Overflow incontinence | prolonged bladder neck obstruction - prostatic hypertrophy |
| Enuresis (bed-wetting) | unintentional voiding of urine at night |
| site of bleeding relevant in diagnosis? | beginning of micturition-urethral in origin |
| cystic in origin | Bleeding at end of micturition |
| throughout micturition | kidney or ureter |
| abnormal clotting in haemophilia | bleeding from renal tract. |
| normal volume of urine/day | 700ml- 2500ml mostlyduring the day. |
| Polyuria ? | he passage of an increased volume of urine |
| Frequency of micturition | number of times urine is passed |
| Polyuria + nocturnal polyuria (nocturia) | l– the passage of arge volumes of urine at night |
| Causes of Polyuria | Chronic renal failure |
| Polyuria causes | Diabetes, alcohol consumption ,compulsive water drinking |
| Classic gout | first metarso –phalangeal joint |
| Polyarthritis ? | multiple joints, transient or persistent, large or small joints. |
| 2 forms of transient polyarthritis | Rhematic fever, Viral infections |
| four forms of persistent polyarthritis? | 1. Rheumatoid arthritis – female; symmetrical;morning stiffness2. Chronic gout – Male; first M-P joint asymmetrical3. Osteo-arthritis – weight bearing joints4. Reiter’s syndrome |
| distinguish between rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthritis | RA - young people, fatigue earlOA loss of articular cartilage Hypertrophy of bone Painy morning, joint stiffness, symmetrical involvement of multiple joints- hands and feet |
