| A | B |
|---|
| karyotype | picture of chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and shape |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine an individual's sex |
| autosomes | chromosomes that don not determine the sex of an individual |
| XY | sex chromosome pair found in human males |
| XX | sex chromosome pair found in human females |
| pedigree chart | chart that shows genetic relationships within a family |
| polygenic | traits determined by many genes |
| albinism | lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes caused by recessive gene |
| cystic fibrosis | excess mucus in lungs caused by recessive gene |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | inability to metabolize phehylalanine results in mental retardation |
| Tay-Sachs disease | lipid accumulation in brain children die before age of 5 |
| achondroplasia | dwarfism caused by dominant gene |
| Huntington's disease | mental deterioration and uncontrollable movements begins in middle age |
| sickle cell disease | abnormal hemoglobin causes RBC shape change |
| sickle cell trait carrier | immune to malaria |
| sex-linked gene | gene found on part of the X chromosome not found on Y chromosome |
| sex-linked traits | traits that appear more often in males than females because gene is only on X chromosome |
| colorblindness | sex-linked disorder cannt distinguish color red from the color green |
| hemophilia | sex-linked trait missing protein needed for proper blood clotting |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | sex-linked trait causing progressive weakness of skeletal muscles |
| Barr body | inactivated X chromosome found in females |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosome separation during meiosis |
| Turner's syndrome | 46 XO sterile female with incompletesex organs |
| Kleinfelter's syndrome | 47 XXY sterile male with small sex organs elongated limbs |
| Cri-du-Chat | severe mental retardation caused by missing a chromosome 5 |
| monosomy | inheriting only one member of a chromosome pair |
| trisomy | inheriting three members of a chromosome pair |
| Down syndrome | trisomy 21 results in mental retardation and physical problems |
| Jacob syndrome | 47 XYY males grow larger earlier than their peers was initially found more often in criminal population |
| DNA fingerprinting | identifying individuals by banding of DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis |
| Human Genome Project | research to sequence all human DNA |
| gene therapy | using recombinant DNA to replace a faulty gene with a normal working gene |
