| A | B |
|---|
| two main divisions of the nervous system | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| synapse | a minute space between the axon of once cell and the dendrite of another over which nerve impulses must jump chemically |
| two types of peripheral nerves | cranial and spinal |
| two types of spinal nerves | motor and sensory |
| motor nerves | provide for movement by innervating muscles or causing organs to function |
| sensory nerves | pick up and transmit messages from receptor cells to the spinal cord and brain |
| simple reflex actions | impulse traveling along a nerve to the spinal cord and back |
| knee jerk test | common test used to illustrate simple reflex actions |
| complex reflex actions | impulse traveling from its source through nerve cells to the spinal cord and up to the brain |
| autonomic nervous system | nervous system that regulates unconscious bodily functions |
| two divisions of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| sympathetic nervous system | accelerates activity in the smooth, involuntary muscles of the body's organs |
| parasympathetic nervous system | reverses the action of the sympathetic nervous system and slows down activity |
| five divisions of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
| cerebrum | controls sensory and motor function (including emotions, personality, the senses, movement of hands, feet, etc., skin sensors) |
| cerebellum | responsible for smooth muscle movement, muscle tone, for equilibrium, walking, and dancing |
| medulla oblongata | influences heart, lungs, stomach secretions, and size of blood vessel openings |
| pons | helps regulate breathing and is reflex center for chewing, tasting, and secreting saliva |
| midbrain | controls reflex movements of eyes and conducts impulses between parts above and below it |
| four lobes of the cerebrum | frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal |
| two structures between the cerebrum and midbrain | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| thalamus | relay station for impulses going to and from or within the brain |
| hypothalamus | autonomic nervous control; controls blood pressure; maintains body temperature; stimulates antidiuretic hormone; assists in appetite regulation; increase intestinal secretions and motility; involved with emotions; help maintain wakefulness |
| the three meninges | pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater |
| pia mater | innermost layer of the meninges; contains blood vessels to nourish |
| arachnoid | middle layer of the meninges |
| dura mater | outer layer of the meninges; protects the CNS from damage from bones |
| subdural | space between the dura mater and arachnoid |
| subarachnoid | space between the arachnoid and pia mater |
| cerebrospinal fluid | acts as a cushion or shock absorber and transports nutrients |
| arteriography | detects cerebral hemorrhage, aneurysm, or CVA |
| brain scan | radioisotopes measured to detect abnormal masses or blood vessel lesions |
| Glasgow coma scale | to describe the level of consciousness |
| CAT scan | to detect tumors, bleeding, clots, brain size, and edema |
| E.E.G. | detects abnormal electrical impulses in the brain |
| electromyography | to detect neuromuscular disorders or nerve damage |
| lumbar puncture | measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure or obtain a sample of fluid |
| myelography | instill a dye or air to show irregularities in the CNS |
| skull x-ray | to detect cranial fractures or dense cerebral areas |
| position emission tomography | images enhanced with color |
| encephalitis | sudden, acute onset of fever, headache, and vomiting, which progresses to a stiff neck and back, drowsiness, and eventual coma |
| multiple sclerosis | blurred or double vision with sensations of tingling or numbness; periods of attacks and remission characterized by tremor, muscular weakness, and paralysis |
| Parkinson's disease | severe muscle rigidity, drooling, tremor, and a characteristic bent forward position when walking |
| transient ischemic attack | temporary double vision, slurred speech, dizziness, staggering, and falling |
| hemiplegia | loss of sensation with paralysis of one side of the body |
| sciatica | sharp, piercing pain in the back of the thigh extending down the side of the leg |
| Bell's palsy | weakness and paralysis on one side of the face causing drooping mouth, drooling, and inability to close the affected eye |
| Herpes zoster | fluid-filled vesicles on the skin associated with fever, severe deep pain, itching, and abnormal skin sensations |
| epilepsy | seizures of varying duration, possible loss of consciousness, loss of body function control, and convulsions |
| hydrocephalus | abnormally large head, distended scalp veins, shiny scalp skin, irritability, vomiting |
| cerebral palsy | hyperactive tendon reflexes, underdeveloped affected extremities, muscular contractions; may also have seizures, mental retardation, and impaired speech |
| meningitis | high fever, chills, headache, positive Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs |
| neuralgia | severe pain along the course of a nerve anywhere in the body |
| trigeminal neuralgia | excruciating facial pain upon stimulation of a trigger zone |
| paraplegia | paralysis with loss of sensation and reflexes in lower extremities |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | muscular weakness and atrophy; problems with speech, chewing, and swallowing; respirations may be affected; choking and drooling |
| migraine headache | prodromal symptoms of fatigue, visual disturbances, tingling of face and lips, sensitivity to light, nausea, and vomiting |
| spina bifida | incomplete closure of one or more vertebra, bladder and bowel control problems, hydrocephalus, weakness or paralysis of legs, often mental retardation |
| Reye's syndrome | vomiting, lethargy, liver dysfunction, hyperventilation, delirium and coma, with eventual respiratory arrest |
