| A | B |
|---|
| noninfectious disease | a disease that can't spread from one person to another |
| infectious disease | a disease caused by a pathogen |
| pathogen | an agent that causes a disease |
| immunity | resistance to a disease |
| immune system | a c ollection of cells, tissues, and organs that fight disease-causing agents |
| macrophage | an immune-system cell that engulfs pathogens |
| T cell | an immune-system cell that matures in the thymus |
| B cell | an immune-system cell that matures in the bones & makes antibodies |
| antibody | a special protein that can recognize specific pathogens |
| memory B cell | an immune-system cell that remembers how to make antibodies for specific pathogens |
| allergy | an inappropriate immune-system reaction to a harmless antigen |
| autoimmune disease | the immune system attacks the cells of the body it is meant to protect |
| cancer | condition in which certain body cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate |
| homeostasis | the maintenance of a stable internal environment |
| tissue | a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job in the body |
| organ | two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body |
| skeletal system | collection of organs whose primary function is to support and protect the body |
| cartilage | flexible tissue that gives support and protection but is not rigid like bone |
| joint | the place where two or more bones connect |
| ligament | a strong band of tissue that connects bones to bones |
| muscular system | collection of organs whose primary function is movement |
| tendon | a tough connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to bones |
| integumentary system | collection of organs that helps the body maintain a stable and healthy internal environment |
| sweat glands | small organs in the dermis layer of the skin that release sweat |
| melanin | a darkening chemical in the skin that determines skin color |
| epidermis | the outermost layer of the skin |
| dermis | the layer of skin below the epidermis |
| tissue | a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job |
| organ | two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function |
| organism | anything that can independently carry out life processes |
| population | a group of same species individuals that live together in the same area |
| community | all of the populations of different species that live and interact in an area |
| ecosystem | a community of organisms and their nonliving environment |
| cell membrane | barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment |
| organelle | a structure within a cell |
| cytoplasm | a fluid that surrounds cell organelles |
| nucleus | contains DNA and is the control center for cells |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform body functions |
| unicellular | made of one cell |
| multicellular | made of many cells |
| prokaryotic | a cell without a nucleus and without membrane-covered organelles |
| eukaryotic | cells that have a nucleus and a complicated internal structure |
| bacteria | extremely small, singe-celled organisms without a nucleus |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring |
| dominant trait | the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited |
| recessive trait | a trait that is apparent only when 2 recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited |
| genes | segments of DNA that carry hereditary instructions and are passed from parent to offspring |
| alleles | different forms of a single gene |
| genotype | the inherited combination of alleles |
| phenotype | an organism's inherited appearance |
| meiosis | cell division that produces sex cells |
| mitosis | cell division in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes |
| probability | the mathematical chance that an event will occur |
| sex cell | an egg or sperm: it carries half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells |
| cell | a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the material necessary for life |
| stimulus | anything that affects the activity of an organism, organ, or tissue |
| homeostasis | the maintenance of a stable internal environment |
| asexual reproduction | single parent produces offspring identical to parent |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction with 2 parents; the offspring share the characteristics of both parents |
| DNA | heredity material that controls all the activities of a cell |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring |
| metabolism | the combined chemical processes that occur in a cell or living organism |
| producer | organisms that make their own food, usually by using energy from sunlight |
| consumer | organism that eats producers or other organisms for energy |
| decomposer | gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal waste |
| nucleus | control center of the cell |
| ribosomes | where amino acids are hooked together to make proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | packages up proteins for release from the cell |
| mitochondria | breaks down food molecules to make ATP |
| chloroplasts | makes food using energy from sunlight |
| golgi complex | processes and transports materials out of the cell |
| vacuole | stores water and other materials |
| lysosomes | digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders |
| cell membrane | covers the cell, keeps the cytoplasm in and waste products out |
| cell wall | provides strength and support to the cell membrane of plant and algae cells |
| DNA | contains the information on how to make all of the cell's proteins |
| nucleolus | stores the materials that will be used to make ribosomes; located in the nucleus |
| diffusion | the process of moving particles from high concentrations to low concentrations |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a cell membrane |
| passive transport | the diffusion of particles from high concentrations to low concentrations |
| active transport | movement of particles against the direction of diffusion |
| endocytosis | the cell membrane surrounds a particle to bring it into the cell |
| exocytosis | the process of removing large particles from a cell |
| photosynthesis | process where plants make sugar from light energy |
| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell |
| chromosome | a coiled structure of DNA and protein |
| mitosis | nuclear division where each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes |
| chromatids | identical chromosome copies |
| weather | the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place |
| condensation | the change of state from a gas to a liquid |
| humidity | the amount of water vapor or moisture in the air |
| air mass | large body of air that has similar temperature and moisture throughout |
| precipitation | solid or liquid water that falls from the air to the Earth |
| relative humidity | amount of moisture air contains compared with the amount it can hold |
| water cycle | continuous water movement from water sources, into the air, onto land, and back to water sources |
| front | boundary that forms between two different air masses |
| evaporation | change of state from a liquid to a vapor |
| vapor | the gas form water |
| barometer | used to measure air pressure |
| anemometer | used to measure wind speed |
| psychrometer | used to measure relative humidity |
| thermometer | used to measure temperature |
| weather balloon | used to help measure weather contitions high in Earth's atmosphere |
| doppler radar | used to find the location, movement, and intensity of precipitation |
| cumulus clouds | puffy white clouds that tend to have flat bottoms |
| stratus clouds | clouds that form in layers |
| cirrus clouds | clouds that are thin and feathery and high in the atmosphere |
| tissue | group of cells that work together to perform a function |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to perform a function |
| skeletal system | provides support and protection to the body |
| cartilage | flexible tissue that gives support and protection |
| joint | place where 2 or more bones connect |
| ligament | tissue that connects bone to bone |
| muscular system | provides movement |
| tendon | connects muscles to bones |
| integumentary system | organs that helps the body maintain a stable and healthy internal environment |
| sweat glands | an organ that is located in the dermis layer of the skin |
| melanin | chemical in the skin that determines skin color |
| epidermis | top layer of your skin |
| dermis | lower layer of your skin |
| homeostasis | maintaining a stable internal environment |
| organ | two or more tissues working together to perform a specific job |
| organism | anything that can live on its own |
| population | group of the same kind of organism that live in the same area |
| community | two or more populations that live in the same area |
| ecosystem | entire community plus all nonliving things that affect it |
| cell membrane | barrier around a cell |
| organelle | a structure within a cell |
| cytoplasm | fluid that surrounds cell organelles |
| nucleus | control center of a cell |
| multicellular | many cells |
| tissue | cells grouped together to perform a specific function |
| unicellular | one cell |
| prokaryotic | bacteria cells without a nucleus |
| eukaryotic | complex cells with a nucleus |
| cell | a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the material necessary for life |
| stimulus | anything that affects the activity of an organism, organ, or tissue |
| homeostasis | the maintenance of a stable internal environment |
| asexual reproduction | single parent produces offspring identical to parent |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction with 2 parents; the offspring share the characteristics of both parents |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring |
| metabolism | the combined chemical processes that occur in a cell or living organism |
| producer | organisms that make their own food, usually by using energy from sunlight |
| consumer | organism that eats producers or other organisms for energy |
| decomposer | gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal waste |
| Triple Beamed Balance | Used to measure mass |
| Thermometer | Used to measure temperature |
| Ruler | Used to measure length |
| Centimeters | 1/100 of a meter; measures length |
| Millimeters | 1/1000 of a meter; measures length |
| Gram | Mass unit of measurement |
| Milliliter | Volume unit ofmeasurement |
| Graduated Cylinder | Used to measure volume |
| temperature | How hot or cold something is |
| volume | How much space something takes up |
| mass | The amount of material an object contains |
