| A | B |
|---|
| transform boundary | a plate boundary where 2 plates move past each other in opposite directions |
| divergent boundary | a plate boundary where 2 plates move away from each other |
| convergent boundary | a plate boundary where 2 plates move toward each other |
| basalt | a dark, dense igneous rock with a vein texture found in the ocean's crust |
| granite | a rock that has larger crystal than basalt and is not as thin |
| geologist | a scientist who studies the forces that make and shape planet Earth |
| plate techtonics | the geological term that states that pieces of earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow movement driven by convection currents in the mantle |
| conduction | heat transferred by contact of particles of matter |
| convection | heat transferred by movement of heated fluid |
| subduction | the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle |
| radiation | the transfer of energy through empty space |
| earthquake | the shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rocks beneath the earth's surface |
| stress | a force that acts on the rock to change its shape or volume |
| Shearing, tension, and compression work over millions of years to | change the shape and volume of rock |
| fault | a break in the earth's crust where slabs of crust slip past each other |
| Tension produces | Normal faults |
| Shearing produces | Strike-slip fault |
| Strike-slip fault | the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little up or down motion |
| Normal fault | the fault is at an angle so one block of rock lies above the fault line and the other block lies below the fault |
| Tension forces in earth's crust | cause Normal faults |
| Reverse fault | like a normal fault except the hanging wall slides up and over the footwall |
| Focus | the point beneath earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earhquake |
| epicenter | the point on the surface directly above the focus |
| Richter scale | a rating of the size of seismic waves as measured by a particular type of mechanical seismograph |
| Liquefaction | oocurs when an earthquake's violent shaking suddenly turns loose, soft soil into liquid mud |
| tsunami | large waves displaced by an earthquake |
| cauldera | a large hole at the top of volcanoes formed when the roof of a volcano (magma chamber) collapses |
| cinder cone volcano | a steep cone-shaped hill or mountain made of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs around a volcano's opening |
| composite volcano | a tall cone-shaped mountain with layers of lava alternating with layers of ash and other materials |
| geothermal energy | energy from water or steam that has been heated by magma |
| geyser | a fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underneath and erupts at regular intervals |
| island arc | a string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep ocean trench |
| magma | molten mixture of rock forming substance, gases, and water from the mantle |
| pahoehoe | a hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth, rope-like coils |
| pyroclastic flow | the explosion of ash, cinders, bombs and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption |
| ring of fire | the major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean |
| volcano | a weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface |
| shield volcano | a wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions |
| silica | a material that is formed from the element oxygen and silicon |
| gemstone | a hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster |
| someone's cell phone | is ringing |
| mineral | a naturally occurring inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition |
| alloy | a solid mixture of two or more metals |
| compound | a substance in which two or more elements are chemically joined |
| cleavage | a mineral's ability to split easily along a flat surface |
| element | a substance composed of a single kind of atom |
| blank one | blank |
| atoll | a ring-shaped coral island found far from land |
| erosion | the destructive process in which water or wind loosen and carry away fragments of rock |
| igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface |
| metamorphic rock | a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions |
| rock cycle | a series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly change rocks from one kind to another |
| sedimentary rock | a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together |
| texture | the look and feel of a rock's surface |
| blank one | blank |
| ozone | a toxic form of oxygen |
| emissions | the particles of gas released into the air from a smokestack or motor vehicle |
| greenhouse effect | the trapping of heat by certain gases in the atmosphere |
| temperature inversion | condition in which a layer of warm air traps polluted air in a layer close to the earth's surface |
| global warming | the theory that increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will raise earth's average temperature |
| radioactive | containing unstable atoms |
| incineration | the burning of solid waste |
| decomposer | an organism that breaks down waste and dead organisms |
| food chain | a series of events in which one organism eats another |
| herbivore | consumer that eats only plants |
| water cycle | the continuous process in which water moves from earth's surface to the atmosphere and back |
| biome | a group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms |
| consumer | an organism that obtains energy by feeding on another organism |
| poaching | illegal hunting of wildlife |
| renewable resources | resources that are naturally replaced in a relatively short time |
| extinction | the disappearing of all members of a species on earth |
| pollution | a change to the environment that has a negative effect on living things |
| biodiversity | the members of different species in an area |
| endangered species | species in danger of becoming extinct in the near future |
| pioneer species | the first species in a population area |
| primary succession* | the changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem |
| nuclear fusion | the combining of 2 atomic nucleii into a single, large nucleus |
| nuclear fission | the splitting of an atom's nucleus into a smaller nucleus |
| petrochemicals | compound made from oil |
| solar energy | energy from the sun |
| hydroelectric power | electricity powered using the energy of flowing water |
| omnivore | a consumer that eats both plants and animals |
| scavenger | a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organism |
| producer | an organism that can make its own food |
| biodegradable | capable of being broken down by bacteria and other natural decomposers |
| carnivore | consumer that eats only other animals |
| continental drift | the hypothesis that the continents slowly moved across the earth's surface |
| ecosystem | the complex of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit |
| habitat | the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows |
| species | a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name |
| population | the organisms inhabiting a particular locality |
| predator | an animals whose food is primarily obtained by the killing and consuming of animals |
| adaptation | modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its environment |
| prey | an animal taken by a predator as food |
| symbiosis | the intimate living together of two dissimilar organisms in a mutually beneficial relationship |
| mutualism | beneficial association between different kinds of organisms |
| host | a living animal or plant affording subsistence or lodgment to a parasite |
| parasitism | an association between organisms of two or more kinds in which a parasite obtains benefits from a host which it usually injures |
| parasite | an organism living in, with, or on another organism |
| carrying capacity | the population that an area will support without undergoing deterioration |
| fossil fuels | a fuel (as coal, oil, or natural gas) that is formed in the earth from plant or animal remains |
| insulation | to separate to prevent transfer of electricity, heat, or sound |
