| A | B |
|---|
| Feudalism | the economic and political system that Europe lived under, it developed in response to the social chaos that followed the fall of the roman empire |
| Chivalry | the code by which armored and mounted warriors, or knights conducted themselves on and of the battlefeild |
| Middle Ages | a middle period in the history of the world because it fell between the classical period of greek and roman civilization |
| Vassel | servent, who pleaged to carry out a number of important duties (to the lord) |
| Lord | provided vassel with protectipon |
| Fealty | the pleage that the vassel gave to the lord |
| Fief | a grant that gave the Vassel certian privliges |
| Duties and Rights | (aka feudal contract) the bond between vassel and lord could be broken if a vassel failed to meet the duties of the lord |
| Feudal Hierarchy | the ranking of lords and vassels |
| Manor | an estate the spread out from a large house or castle |
| Retainers | other nobles in the a lord's house |
| Serfs | Peasents who inhabited the manor |
| Burgess | new medium of exchange |
| Charter | rules for a town |
| The Importance of Florence | The center of Italian Banking Industry |
| Florin | the first international coin of the late middle ages |
| Midici Family | Made florence one of the most important cultural centers of the renissance |
| Jacques Coeur | aka moneyman, the single most powerful banker of the Middle Ages |
| Pointed Arch | top of a gothic chruch |
| Fly buttress | a type of support helped "open up" the interior space |
| Experimental science | advance sciences to have supporting evidence to theroys |
| Centralized Government | One government |
| William I | duke of Normandy |
| Bayeux Tapestry | an important primary source document |
| The battle of Hastings | Where William killed Harry (the english king) |
| The great council | an assembly of Normandy Barrons |
| Salisbury Oath | Vassel would take this oath pleading their alliance to the lords |
| Doomesday Book | Used to calculate taxes to be paid to William |
| Henry II | King of England, also ruled half of france |
| Common Law | Sets amounts of fines for breaking the laws (still used today) |
| Circut Judges | traveling judges |
| Trial Jury | Special jury was an ancestor of the modren grand jury |
| Civial Suit | To sue people if something happened |
| Chancery | kept records of all royal laws, rulings and transactions in the kingdom |
| Simon de Montfont | leader of the barrons |
| Edward I | Henry III son becomes the king after his father |
| Capets | Kings of france for the first 3 centuries of the late middle ages |
| Secular | non-church government offices |
| Louis VI | changed the way french govenments posts were filled this made the royal govenment more efficent (came to throne in1108) |
| Philip II | 1st carptian king to extend his ruling outside the royal domain |
| Interdict | when vassel doesn't surrender the king punishes him by closing the chrches there and the people can't practice thier religion |
| Royal Council | gave rise to both a court of law and an accounting deparment |
| baliffs | royal officals on salary who travel around france collecting money to see if royal officals were doing thier jobs |
| Louis IX | became king of france at age of 12 in 1226, his mother governed him because of his age, he was admiered by many as a great king |
| Philip IV | was ruthless opportunist, had an honarable approch to governing (aka the Fair) made the Kingsmen |
| 3 rulings | 1) once a case begun in a court it needs to stay there, 2) anyone who felt that they had not recived justice in a local court could appel, 3) allows anyone who lost a civial suit in a local court to have the local judge tried for false judgement |
| Estates General | (classes and power) CLERGY, NOBILITY, TOWNSPEOPLE |
| Ministeriales | Serf-Knights, a soldier who was given the best training and equipment of the day but didn't have the legal status of a freeman |
| Cardinals power and role | he choses the pope and they were clergy who over saw important chruch administrative thingys |
| Gregory VII | Pope in 1075, decided on investiture |
| Investiture | a ceromony in which a bishop or other hih church offical recived a ring and a staff symbolizing the spiritual authority of the office |
| Lay Investiture | the root of buying and selling the chruch offices |
| Excommunication | Expultion from the chruch for defying its authority |
| Vicar of Christ | Another name for the pope |
| Frederick Bararossa | German, nicknamed becasue of his red beard. he practically restored the power of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy. In 1155, he was crowned in Rome by the pope, he put an end to a 10 year long battle |
| Lombard league | Formed in 1167, rebulit muln and continued to resist Barborossa, formed because of what he did to their city |
| Peace of Constance | Ended the war with the Lombard League and Barbarossa |
| City-states | Peace of Contance established that the cities are seperate, self-governed states |
| Henry VI | Bararossa's son who came to power in 1190, wasn't liked |
| Byzantine Empire | eastern Roman Empire |
| Seljuk Turks | Conqured much of the middle east during the 11th century they overran a large of teh Byzantine Empire. Origianlly from central asia |
| Alexius I | leader of byzantine Empire in 1095, ask help from the church of rome to fight the Selijuk Turks |
| Pilgrimages | Christians made journeys to scared places |
| Jerusalem | Capital of the Holy Land |
| Pope Urban II | Likes Alexius I idea for Fighting the Selijuks\ Turks |
| Clermont | (1095)France, Urban II called for a crusade to free Palestine and Jerusalem |
| "Deus lo Volt" | God wills it |
| Nicaea | the capital of Turkish Asia Minor |
| Crusader States | Edessa, antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem, in 1099 they set the states up |
| Salasin | one of the greastest medevil muslim leaders of the 12th century |
| Cabllero villanos | peasent soldiers |
| Constanople | The capital of the Byzantine Empire |
| The powerful | a political group in the empire by the 11th century |
| Zoe and Theodora | 2 women who managed the empires affairs from 1028-1056, Judges(liked for their sterness and fairness) they got jealous and got killed |
| The Latins | Westerners, did business in Constanople and served in the imperial army |
| Venetians | The people of Venice |
| 100 years war | (1337-1453) france won |
| The Spider King | Louis XI, came to throne in 1461, got his nickname b/c he perfered secret diplomacy to open war he uped taxes for growing expenses |
| 2 houses of Parliment | the house of the Lords, and the House of the Commons |
| The Black Death | killed off 3/8 of the population in 1348 and 1349, shortage of people to work on farms, farmers demanded better working conditions |
| Nicholas V | (1447-1455) pope the papacy regained control of rome and began reconcering the territory around the city |
| Ferinand and Isabella | they united their 2 kingdoms together they formed an alliance with the church that they used to forge a loya; catholic nation. They ended up killing muslims and Jews that remaind there |
| The Spanish Inquistion | a church that had the power to question, try and execute heretics and non believers |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese navigator who helped usher in the age of exploration when he reached India after sailing around africa |
