| A | B |
|---|
| Definition of the Renaissance | rebirth of the old greek and roman culture; renaissance-french for 'rebirth' also many of the roots of the middle ages to help study the old greek and roman culture b/c of the translations and inventions and so on |
| The New Learning | the study of classical works |
| Humanism | revival of interest in classical letters and the value of the indiviual, it's followers were mostly concerned with human affairs as opposed to the spiritual or divine |
| Capture of Consantinople | (1453) Ottoman Turks invaded the capital and conquared it the people who fleed, byzantines, took copies of original greek manuscripts they later became greek scholars and teachers |
| Johannes Gutenburg | invented the printing press |
| The effect of the rise of literacy | spread of knowleage of classical and humanist ideas and led to more people that could that could read and write, most rural villages had at least one reader who would read out load to the community. spreads education |
| Petrarch | the father of hummanism. Born in 1304, one of the first humanists he studied the forgotten works of the ancient romans and greeks |
| Lorenzo Valla | his works argued the rules for the latin language, were very popular w/ humanist scholars |
| Donation of Constantine | supposedly a grant from the 4th century roman emperor, giving the pope authority over non- religious leaders, (it was a forgery) and since it was argued this extend Humanism |
| Lorenzo the Magnificent | tyrant of florence form 1469-1492 a scholar in both philoso phy and greek, expand manuscript collection his grand father built |
| Platonic Acadamy | Cosimo de' Medici orginized it in 1439. It promoted studys of the classics. One of the most important intellectual centers in italy andplayed roles in development of the renaissance through art and science |
| Gullame Bude | one of the leading scholars of his day, wrote books on roman Law and greek languge helped establish one of the 1st humanist universities |
| Erasmus | his name is Desiderius known as the prince of humanism b/c he dominated the intellectual world in 1487 he bea mok after a few years so he could study theology |
| Sir Thomas More | Humanist wanted to correct the church from with in |
| Martin Luther | Humanist, came up with 95 theses about church practices (abuse corruption etc) he was late excommunicated |
| The 3 Economic classes of the Renaissance | Upper:Ruling, Middle:Business, and Lower:Working |
| Humanist view on weath | weath brought on materialism and Humanists "wanting money and property served a useful social rold because it made people work." but not everyone approved |
| Growth of Venice through Trade | built a trading empire in the mediterranian. They traded western wool, lead, and tim for dyes, silk, spices, sugar and cotton. This supported their political organiztion |
| Hanseatic League | a trading alliance, that Germany made, taken from hanse meaning association or company |
| Power of Hansectic league | control of commerce and trade in a wide geographic area, Economic power=political power trade |
| Reasons for the decline of the Hanseatic League | shift in fishing grounds, europe developing own trade, main reason: internal problems, rivalries ground league towns and jealousies amoung hansa's most powerful merchant |
| Double-Entry Bookkeeping | the most important financial instrument of the renaissance. 1st use in Genoa in early 14th century, still remains one of the essential tools of any efficent business. It provides a check on the accuracy of a business's financial records. With out it, it can not determine if it is gaining or losing $ check and balance accounting system |
| Leonardo Brumi | one who first promoted political humanism during the early 15th century. Italian (1370-1444) Called political humanism the active life, he was a noted scholar, through his knowleage should be spread his modeal was Cicero |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) gave his name to the political philosophy of the age in 1513, wrote book called The Prince |
| Louis XI, The Spider King | ruled from 1461-1483 in france his nickname was for consantly spinning webs of intrigue. Turned a midevil kingdom of independent states into the beginning of the french nation |
| The Tudors | The English royal family started curbing their own nobility in 1485 |
| Henry VII and the star chamber | a court named for the stars painted on the celing, it targeted nobles who were most relunctant to submit the English crown |
| Birth and rise of the new military | BIRTH-power struggles between state RISE- new modern army:always on duty and readyto fight; full time paid, professinal soilders established 1439 in france, later Spain and other seafering countries built navies |
| Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portugal, sent ships to find a way around Africa to get to Asia |
| Amerigo Vespucci | (1454-1512) Italian, he charted the coast of Brazil and also convensed people that the west coast was not Asia but new land |
| Martin Waldseemuller | (1470-1518) a mapmaker, humanist and geographer, named the new world America after Vespucci to honor him |
| Balboa | (1475-1519) spanish, crossed the Isthmus of Panamaand found the pacific ocean |
| Magellan | (1480-1521) went on a voyage for spain to circle the globe, 3 years long but died in the Philipines |
| Importance of Christian Missionares | important goal for Spanish and Portuese, they converted hundreds and thousands of people but had little impact on the east |
| Northwest Passage | the never found trade route that many people failed on trying to find |
| John Cabot | (1445-1498) Italian, sent to find a northwest passage but failed but he did find Newfoundland and Nova Scotia |
| Jacques Cartier | (1491-1557) French, thought he found the northwest passage but had really found the Gulf of St. Lawrence |
| Sea Dogs | English radiers who would attack and loot Spanish ships and colonies |
| Spanish Armada | Spain invaded England with a fleet of 130 warships |
| Botticelli | Painter, Birth of Venus |
| Realism in painting | painters tried to represent the human figure as natuarlly as possible |
| Giotto | (1267-1337) naturalism painting, experimenter in technique, showed emotions in his paintings |
| Donatello | (1386-1466) sculpter, promoted naturalism, lived in Florence; lives of the most Emminent Itlian architects, painters and sculters |
| Masaccio | (1401-1428) sloppy tom 3-D quality with depth etc. more detail in backround |
| Brunelleschi | (1377-1446) studied geometery, so he could work out mathematical principles of perspective |
| Development of oil paint and painting | before artists used oil they used fresco or tempera, oils are a mixture of pigmints and oil, the paint dried slower and the artist could slow his pace |
| Da Vinci | born in 1452, he was a scientist w/bio, physics and chemistry in 120 notebooks, played an instument called the lute, artist; pieces: The Last Supper |
| Michelangelo | Born in 1475, sculpting and painting, painted celing of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, Pieta |
| Vernacular | Local or regional languages |
| Dante Alighieri | First great vernacular writer, wrote On Eledance in the Vernacular Toungeand New life, he was banished from Florence, also wrote Divine Comedy (Adam Sandler) |
| Boccaccio | (1313-1375) writer, wrote Decameron also wrote o biography of Dante |
| Chaucer | English poet, wrote about the Trojan War and was based on Boccaccio's piece, Il filostrato |
| Sonnet | aka "little song", has 14 lines arranged usually by the poet |
| 95 theses | Martin Luther post these 95 Theses,aka propostions for a debate, all this which ended up plunging Europe into a storm of religious controversy and ending in violence |
| Indulgences | Dispensations from Rome remitting punishment for sins |
| Pope Leo X | in 1517 he asked for funds to help rebulid St. Peter's, this spreaded much indulgences (look up!) around Germany |
| Johan Tetzel | Dominican , who said "As soon as coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." |
| Diet of Worms | Where Luther stood up to Charles V and said "I cannot and I will not recant." He was Excommunicated |
| Peace of Augsburg | the princes of germany could decide which religion their providence could worship |
| Ulrich Zwingli | He made his church based on the New testement he took out pictures amf organs, say music was to put babies to sleep not to prasie God |
| John Calvin | french, a small frail man who had the intelligantce of a lawyer, 27 years old, he was a serious man who wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, which talks about the Protestant thought |
| Predestination | the doctrine that God in consequence of his foreknowledge of all events infallibly guides those who are destined for salvation |
| Polemics | an aggressive attack on or refutation of the opinions or principles of another, the art or practice of disputation or controversy |
| Recant | to withdraw or repudiate (a statement or belief) formally and publicly |
| Rabelais | Born in 1483, he bacame a monk, studied Greek, wrote novels, one of them was The Great and Inestimable Chronicles of the Great and Enormous Giant Gargantua in 1532 |
| Cervantes | Spanish writer, born in to poverty and misfortune in 1547 until his late 50s, he joined the army when he was young after he was released he began writing plays and stories, his life turned around once he wrote the novel Don Quixote |
| Marlowe | born in 1564, a dramatist, his life in not well known but he was a government spy while he was in school died at the age of 29 he wrote several famous plays like Tamburaine the Great (1587) and The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta (1590) |
| Shakespeare | Born in 1564, known as the Great Dramatist, wrote comical, historical, and tragedical plays such as Hamlet (1600) and Macbeth (1606) |
| Edmund Spenser | Born in 1552, a playwriter, he wrote The Faerie Queen buiit was left unfinished because of the poet's death in 1599, he wrote in a difficult writing scheme for his poem |
| Sir Francis Bacon | warned people in his book New Organ that all superstitions were harmful to the pursuit of science |
| Mathematical axioms | the true principles of things, conform to certain mathematical equations |
| Galen | an ancient expert on studing the way of blood, aphysician who claimed that there were pores leading from one chamber of the heart to another |
| Copernicus | Polish astronomer, born in 1473, he realized that the earth revoles around the sun and its own axis, he published his finding in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres |
| Heliocentrism | the beilif that the universe revolves around the sun |
| Copernicanism | Copernious's theory, was met with a mixture of disbelif and hostility since it contradicted classical astronomy |
| Tycho Brahe's Universe | Born in 1546, made some what of an agreement inbetween Copernious's ideas and classical ideas, he thought the earth was the center of the universe but other planets did revole around the sun but the sun revolved around the earth |
| Jahannes Kelper | (1571-1630), German, he wrote a book called New Astronomy he was able to show that the orbits of the planets were oval-shaped not circles |
| Galileo and the telescope | (1564-1642), Italian astronomer and mathematician who wrote On Motion basically about gravity and how things would fall at the same rate, he made his own telescope to study the universe |
| Dialogue of the Two Great World Systems | Galileo printed this book in 1632, in which he expressed his enthusiasm for Copernicanism and his contempt for Aristotelianism |
| Andreas Vasalio | AKA Vesalius, born in 1514 he studied medicine in Paris and got intersested in the human body, he used human bodies as often as possible instead of animals he wrote a book called On the Structure of the Human Body, this became the standard text for human anatomy in it's time |
| The Gregorian calender | this calender had droped 10 days from the original one, leap years were decreased: all this corrected the drift of dates which is still used today |
| The Stuarts | the family that was handed the throne of England after Elizabeth I past on childless, they were a family of Scotland who were catholics and end in battle with the protestant-dominated British Parliament |
| Louis XIV | he ruled in France for over 70 years, he succeeded where the Stuarts failed and he made the French Monarchy an Absolute Monarchy |
| The condition of the Spanish Monarchy | it remained a centralized monarchy but it lost it's power as a major European Power it depended on it's New World Colonies as incomethe country lacked any major industry |
| East India Company | English- established trade with India during 1600, took control of Portuagal's Indian trade: Dutch- established trade with India in 1602 became bigger than the English, they gain compleate control of all Indian trade |
| William Harvey | (1628)English physician published the 1st accurate description of blood circulation |
| Van Leewenhoek | (1676)he made new and improved microscope lenses abled him to see living organisms, which were invisible to the naked eye |
| Newton | (1987) formulated the 3 laws of motion and the law of gravity in his bookMathematical Principles of natural Philosophy |
