| A | B |
|---|
| What makes up the cardiovascular system? | heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| What is the heart shaped like? | a person's fist |
| What borders the heart anterior and posterior? | anterior is the sternum and posterior is the vertebrae |
| The lower border of the heart is called the ________. | apex |
| The upper border of the heart is called the ________. | base |
| Why are the boundaries of the heart important? | increase in size associated with certain diseases |
| At birth, how is the shape of the heart described? | transverse |
| The sac that covers the heart is called the __________ | pericardium |
| The two parts of the pericardium are the ______ and the ________ | serous and fibrous |
| Does the pericardium attach directly to the heart? | no, to the large vessel of the heart |
| The space between the cisceral membrane and the parietal membrane is called the __________ space. | pericardial space |
| What are the three layers of the heart wall? | epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium |
| Upper chambers of the heart are called ________ | atria |
| Lower chambers of the heart are called _____________. | ventricles |
| The left and right heart is separated by the _______ | septum |
| These are called the receiving chambers. | atria |
| They return blood from tissues to the heart. | veins |
| Where is the myocardium the thickest? | left ventricle |
| This is the mechanical device that permit blood flow in only one direction. | valves |
| Valves that guard the opening between the atria and ventricles are called | atrioventricular valves |
| Name the two AV valves | tricuspid and bicuspid |
| Name the two semilunar valves | aortic and pulmonary |
| Another name for the bicuspid valve | mitral |
| Fibrous tissue that supports the heart valves | skeleton of the heart |
| What is echocardiography? | a technique used to evaluate heart and blood vessels |
| Heart cells are also called __________ | myocardial cells |
| Where do heart cells get their blood supply from | coronary arteries |
| What are anastomoses? | Connections that provide detours for arterial blood if the main route is obstructed |
| Do you find more anastomoses in small or large blood vessels | small |
| Do the number of anastomoses increase or decrease as you get farther from the heart? | increase |
| Cells that are deprived of oxygen are said to be _______ | ischemic |
| Death of ischemic heart muscle cells is called a _______________. | myocardial infarction |
| This is also known as the pacemaker | SA node |
| Nerves that act as accelerator nerves are called | sympathetic |
| Nevers that are inhibitory or depresor nerves are called _______ | parasympathetic |
| Why do Dr's check for cardiac enzymes if someone comes in complaining of chest pain? | When the heart is damaged, enzymes contained in muscle cells released into blood stream. If these enzymes are present an MI propably occured. |
| This is used to evaluate blood flow in coronary arteries. | cardiac nuclear scanning |
| What are the three types of blood vessels? | arteries, capillaries, and veins |
| They carry blood away from the heart. | arteries |
| They carry blood to the heart. | veins |
| Small arteries are called __________. | arterioles |
| Small veins are called _________ | venules |
| All arteries carry oxygenated blood except this artery. | Pulmonary artery |
| Do most veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? | deoxygenated, except the pulmonary vein |
| Outer layer of a blood vessel is called the _______. | tunica adventia or tunica externa |
| What does the tunica adventia do? | holds the blood vessel open |
| The middle layer of a blood vessel is called what? | tunica media |
| what does the tunica media do? | it allows the vessel to change in diameter |
| The inner layer of the vessel that is very thin is called what? | tunica intima |
| Which layer has smooth muscle tissue that is sandwiched together with a layer of elastic fiver? | tunica media |
| Which layer of tissue do capillares have? | tunica intima |
| What do precapillary sphincters do? | they control the flow of blood by contracting and relaxing |
| Blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body is called | systemic |
| After systemic circulation, blood flow goes through what circulation? what cir | pulmonary |
| Most arteries eventually diverge into _________ | capillaries |
| arteries that diverge into capillaries are called _________ | end arteries |
| These are detour routes for blood if a main artery is obstructe | anastomosis |
| Where do anastomosis usually occur? | in smaller blood vessels and there are more of them the farther you go from the heart. |
| Where is the carotid artery? | neck |
| Where is the brachial artery? | upper arm |
| Where is the femoral artery? | upper thigh |
| Where are the coronary arteries? | they branch off the aorta to supply the heart with blood |
| What type of veins are close to the skin? | supperficial as opposed to deep |
| Blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and thoracic cavity drain into what? | superior vena cava |
| Blood fromt he lower extremities and the the abdomen enters what? | inferior vena cava |
| Veins inside the head are called _______ | sinus |
| A clot that stays in one place is called a __________ | thrombus |
| A clot that dislodges and moves is called an _________ | embolism |
| Veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines do not pour their blood directly into the inferior vena cava, where does it go first? | hepatic portal circulation |
| The hepatic portal system takes blood through which organ? | liver |
| Where does fetal blood get its oxygen and nutrients? | maternal blood |
| Where does the exchange of gases, foods, and waste take place between fetal and maternal blood? | placenta |
| Do the fetal blood and maternal blood mix? | no. they each drain into their own capillaries |
| What does the umbilical artery do? | carries fetal blood to the placenta |
| What does the umbilical vein do? | carries oxygenated blood from the placenta and enters the fetal body through the umbilicus |
| What are some effects of fetal alcohol syndrome? | small head, microcephaly, low birth weight, developmental disabilities, and death |
| Inflamation of the pericardium is called what? | pericarditis |
| This disease results from a delayed inflammatory response to a strep infection. | Rhuematic heart disease |
| When the mitral valve extends back into the left atrium causing a leaking of the valve. | Mitral valve prolapse |
| When blood goes forward into the aorta and also goes back into the left ventricle. | Aortic reguritation |
| What is the leading cause of death in the United States? | Coronary Artery disease |
| Hardening of the arteries where lipids or other substances build up on the inside wall of blood vessels is called __________ | atherosclerosis |
| Why has there beena big increase in atherosclerosis? | change in lifestyle, smoking, high fat diet, hypertension |
| What is angina pectoris? | severe pain in the chest that ocurs when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen |
| Explain how coronary bypass surgery is done? | Veins are taken from other parts of the body and used to bypass partial blockages in coronary arteries. |
| The inability of the heart to pump enough blood to sustain life is called what? | heart failure |
| What are cardiomyopathies? | disease of myocardial tissue |
| Irregular heartbeats are also called what? | arrythmias |
| Patients in danger of death from congestive heart failure may be treated how? | heart transplants |
| Left sided heart failure is also called what? | congestive heart failure |
| What is the biggest problem with heart transplants? | rejection |
| Artificial hearts that are made of biologically synthetic material are called | heart implants |
| How can arteriosclerosis be treated other than a bypass? | angioplasty wher they insert a balloon or with vasodialators that cause areteries to widen |
| What is an aneurysm? | a weakening of an arterial wall |
| Another name for a stroke is a | cerebralvascular accident |
| What determines how severe a stroke is? | What part of the brain is affected and how much tissue is damaged |
| What causes a stroke? | ischemia of brain tissue |
| Enlarged veins where blood pools instead of continuing toward the heart is called what? | vericose vein |
| What is a common cause of varicose veins? | standing |
| vein inflammation is called ________ | phlebitis |
| vein inflammation caused by a clot and characterized by discoloration is called | thrombophlebitis |
| Varicose veins in the anal canal are called what? | hemorrhoids |
| Where would you find the thickest layer of the myocardium? | left ventricle |
| This is the internal layer of the heart wall | endocardium |
| Which vessels do not have the tunica media layer and do not constrict and dialate? | capillaries |
| Valves that control the direction of blood flow through vessels are found in the __________ | veins |
| Which artery serves the brain? | carotid artery |
| Describe the order of blood flow through the vessels. | artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein |
| This artery is found in the arm. | brachial artery |
| This is the longest vein in the body? | great saphenous vein |
| This structure ensures that the brain receives the blood that it needs. | Circle of Willis |
| What is the umbilical cord composed of? | the umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries. |
