| A | B |
|---|
| indulgence | In the Roman Catholic Church, a pardon from punishment for a sin in exchange for an offering |
| temperate | Mild; moderate |
| navigable | Able to be traveled by boats or ships |
| feudalism | Starting in Europe around A.D. 800, a system for organizing and governing society, based on land and service |
| monastery | A community in which monks lead lives devoted to religion |
| deforestation | The process of clearing the land of forests, often to make space for farms and cities |
| cathedral | A large Christian church that is the official church of the bishop, an important member of the clergy |
| Crusade | Any of the journeys and battles undertaken by European Christians between 1095 and 1270, to win control of the Holy Land (Palestine) from the Muslims |
| nun | A woman who devotes her life to religion, often living in a convent |
| plague | A terrible disease that spreads quickly and kills many people |
| manor | In the Middle Ages, a large self-sufficient estate granted to a lord and worked by serfs |
| Renaissance | A period of great cultural and artistic change that began in Italy around 1350 and spread throughout Europe |
| chivalry | The qualities of the ideal knight, including politeness, bravery, honor, and protecting the weak |
| patron | A supporter of the arts |
| fjord | A long, narrow inlet of the sea between high cliffs |
| Middle Ages | A period in European history between A.D. 500 and about the 1400s |
| saint | A woman or man considered by a religious group to be especially holy |
| Anglican Church | The Church of England started by Henry VIII |
| Magna Carta | A legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights of the barons, merchants, and clergy, which limited the power of the king |
| humanism | An idea important to the Renaissance that focused on human values and what people can achieve in this world |
| vassal | In the Middle Ages, a noble who usually was given a fief by his lord in exchange for loyalty |
| Reformation | A movement beginning in Europe in the 1500s, to bring reform to the Roman Catholic Church, and leading to Protestantism |
| fief | In the Middle Ages, a property given to a vassal in exchange for loyalty |
| serf | In the Middle Ages, a person who was bound to work on a noble’s manor |
