| A | B |
|---|
| hydrocarbon | compound composed of carbon and hydrogen |
| saturated | carbon-carbon bonds that are all single bonds |
| unsaturated | carbon-carbon bonds that contain multiple bonds |
| alkanes | saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds) |
| formula for alkane | CnH2n+2 |
| when carbon atoms from long "strings" or "chains" | normal, straight-chain, or unbranched hydrocarbons |
| meth | 1 |
| eth | 2 |
| prop | 3 |
| but | 4 |
| pent | 5 |
| hex | 6 |
| hept | 7 |
| oct | 8 |
| non | 9 |
| dec | 10 |
| the only shapes that organic molecules can take | tetrahedral (109.5), trigonal planar (120), linear (180) |
| C6H14 | hexane |
| rule #1 for naming alkanes | find longest continuous chain of carbon atoms |
| rule #2 for naming alkanes | number carbons, starting at end closest to any branching |
| rule #3 for naming alkanes | use appropriate name for each alkyl group, specify its position on parent chain |
| rule #4 for naming alkanes | when alkyl group occurs more than once, attach prefix (di- tri-) |
| rule #5 for naming alkanes | alkyl groups listed in alphabetical order, disregarding any prefix |
| alkenes | hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds (unsaturated) |
| alkynes | hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds (unsaturated) |
| alkene formula | CnH2n |
| multiple carbon-carbon bonds result when... | hydrogen atoms are removed from alkanes |
| #1 for naming enes or ynes | select longest chain of carbon atoms that contains the double or triple bond |
| #2 for naming enes or ynes | change root name (2 -ene, 3 -yne) |
| #3 for naming enes or ynes | number parent chain starting at end closest to double or triple bond |
| maximum # of atoms a given carbon atom can be attached to | 4; because carbon has four valence electrons |
| double bond | shares two pairs of electrons; carbon dioxide |
| structural isomerism | two molecules have the same atoms but different bonds; ex: butane as straight chain or isobutane as a branched-chain |
| because of different structures | structural isomers have different properties |
| branch or substituent | small chain of carbon atoms attached to a longer chain |
| alkyl | an alkane when it functions as a substituent |
| functional group | an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contains elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen |
| hydrocarbon derivative | an organic molecule that contains one or more elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen |
| alcohol | R-OH |
| CH3OH | alcohol |
| ether | R-O-R |
| CH3-O-CH3 | ether |
| ketone | an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms (middle) |
| aldehyde | an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom (end) |
| aldehyde | named by ending -al |
| ketone | named by ending -one |
| alcohol | named by ending -ol |
| carboxylic acid | RCOOH |
