| A | B |
|---|
| absolute poverty | deprivation of resources that is life¬-threatening |
| alienation | the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
| blue-collar occupations | lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor |
| capitalists | people who own and operate factories and businesses in pursuit of profits |
| caste system | social stratification based on ascription, or birth |
| class system | social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement |
| colonialism | nations enrich themselves through political or economic control of other nations |
| Davis-Moore thesis | social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences |
| dependency theory | explains global inequality in terms of the histor¬ical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones |
| feminization of poverty | the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor |
| global stratification | patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole |
| high-income countries | the richest nations with the high¬est overall standards of living |
| ideology | cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality |
| income | wages or salary from work and earnings from investments |
| intergenerational social mobility | upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents |
| intragenerational social mobility | a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime |
| low-income countries | nations with a low standard of liv¬ing in which most people are poor |
| meritocracy | social stratification based on personal merit |
| middle-income countries | nations with a standard of liv¬ing about average for the world as a whole |
| modernization theory | global inequality is explained in terms of techno¬logical and cultural differences between nations |
| multinational corporation | a large business that operates in many countries |
| neocolonialism | a new form of global power relationships that involves economic exploitation by multinational corporations |
| proletarians | people who sell their productive labor for wages |
| relative poverty | the deprivation of some people in rela¬tion to those who have more |
| social mobility | a change in position within the social hierarchy |
| social stratification | a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |
| socioeconomic status | composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality |
| status consistency | the degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality |
| structural social mobility | a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due to changes in society |
| wealth | the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts |
| white-collar occupations | higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity |
