| A | B |
|---|
| runners | asexual reproducting plant stems that run above ground |
| vegetative reproduction | asexual plant reproduction using leaves, stems, or roots |
| cutting | artificial propagation in which humancuts piece of plant to form a clone |
| budding | new individual grows out from parent (hydra, yeast) |
| fragmentation | form of regeneration where pieces of organism form new individuals (starfish, planaria) |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosome pair that have same structure and carry the same type of genes |
| gametes | sex cells |
| haploid (n) | single set of chromosomes found in sex cells |
| diploid (2n) | duoble set of chromosomes found in body cells of sexual reproducers |
| meiosis | special cell division to form gametes, reduces chromosome number to half |
| crossing over | exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes that occurs during synapsis of meiosis |
| polar body | non-functional cell formed during oogenesis |
| ovum | female gamete |
| sperm | male gamete |
| genetic recombination | rearrangement of genes and chromosomes that increases variation during sexula reproduction |
| spores | special haploid cells produced by the diploid stage of primitive plants |
| carpel | female organ of flowering plants |
| ovules | structures with in flowering plants that will form female sex cells |
| stamens | male organ of flowering plants |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from anther to carpel |
| cross pollination | pollen transfer from anther on on plant to carpel of another plant of same species |
| pollen grain | protective structure that contains male sex cells of flowring plants |
| tube cell nucleus | nucleus with in pollen grain that forms tube to carry sperm down carpel to the ovule |
| sperm nucleus | male sex cell with in pollen grain |
| tube cell | portion of pollen grain that protects the tube nucleus |
| embryo plant | 2n zygote formed by union of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus of ovule |
| endosperm | 3n food storage formed by union of sperm nucleus with the 2 polar nuclei of ovule |
| double fertilization | union of sperm nucleus with egg nucleus and sperm nucleus with polar nuclei that occurs in flowering plants |
| ovaries | female gonads |
| testes | male gonads |
| external fertilization | sperm and egg unite outside of female's reproductive system |
| internal fertilization | sperm and egg unite within the female's reproductive system |
| premating ritual | bonding behavior seen in animals that increase survival chances of offsrping by increasing parental care |
| oviducts | passage from ovaries to uterus in mammals |
| monotremes | egg laying mammals (platypus, echnida) |
| marsupials | mammals that complete development in pouch |
| uterus | muscular pear shaped organ where fertilized egg of placental mammals develops until birth |
| vagina | muscular passageway from uterus to environment aka birth canal |
| menstrual cycle | egg releasing cycle found in primates |
| endometrium | inner vacular linning of uterus |
| hypothalamus | portion of human brain that regulates menstrual cycle |
| estrogen | ovarian hormone that builds of endometrium of uterus |
| progesterone | ovarian hormone that maintains the endometrium during pregnancy |
| gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) | hypothalmic hormone that stimulates pituitary to release its menstrual hormones |
| pituitary gland | master gland of endocrine system that is stimulated by hypothalmus to regulate menstrual cycle |
| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | pituitary hormone that stimulates the maturation of a follicle into an ovum |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | stimulates the releases of the mature ovum and formation of corpus luteum |
| ovulation | release of ovum from ovary |
| corpus luteum | structure formed by follicle cells that produce progesterone after ovulation |
| menstruation | loss of uterine lining after unfertilized egg arrives in uterus |
| placenta | organ that exchanges nutrients and wastes between mothers blood and embryo's blood |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) | placental hormone that maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy by feedback mechanism to pituitary gland |
| in vitro fertilization | sperm and ovum joined "within glass" |
| estrus | "heat" cycle in non primate mammals when females are receptive to males for reproduction |
| scrotum | skin pouch that lowers testis temperature allowing sperm production |
| seminiferous tubules | convoluted tubules of testis in which sperm cells are produced |
| epididymis | storage area in testis where sperm cell complete development |
| vas deferens | duct that carries sperm from scrotum back up into the abdominal cavity |
| prostate gland | one of three glands that contribute to the formation of semen |
| seminal vesicles | stores sperm and forms part of the semen |
| semen | protective fluid that is used to delive sperm in mammals |
| androgens | male sex hormones produced by testis |
| testosterone | testicular hormone responsible for male secondary sex characteristics |
| contraception | method of birth control that prevents sperm from physically reaching the egg |
| vasectomy | permanent birth control method that cuts and ties off the male's vas deferens preventing delivery of sperm |
| tubal ligation | permanent birth control method that cuts and ties off the female's oviduct preventing the delivery of ova to uterus |
| Norplant | progesteron based device implanted beneath skin to prevent ovulation |
| Depo-Provera | progesterone based injection that stops ovulation for 90 days |
| puberty | devlopment of secondary sex characteristics in males and females at onset of hormonal production from gonads |
| self pollination | pollen from anther delivered to carpel of same flower on same plant |
