| A | B |
|---|
| Old World | Land known to Europeans prior to 1492 |
| New World | Land "discovered" by Columbus and other explorers after 1492 |
| Christopher Columbus | An Italian sailor who claimed land in Caribbean for Ferdinand and Isabella |
| Columbian Exchange | The interchange of different plants and crops between the Old and New worlds |
| Push Factors | Conditions in Europe that made people want to emigrate from Old World |
| Pull Factors | Conditions in New World that made people want to immigrate to New world |
| Trade with Orient | An economic exchange between Europe and Asia |
| Caravel | A Spanish-built ship capable of long distance travel |
| Compass and Quadrant | Enabled sailors to determine their location and direction with greater accuracy than in the past |
| Portugal | A European trading power with bases in India, China, and Indonesia |
| Mansa Musa | The ruler of Mali |
| Mali | A gold rich country in Africa |
| Factories | Portuguese trading posts |
| Factors | Portuguese merchants |
| Slavery | An institution where europeans bought africans and used them as part of their work force |
| Bartholomeu Dias | First Portuguese sailor to reach Cape of Good Hope in 1487 |
| Vasco de Gama | First Portuguese sailor to reach India in 1498 |
| Vikings | First Europeans to settle New World around 1000 |
| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella | Royal financial backers of Christopher Columbus |
| Reconquista | the "reconquest" of Spain from the Moors |
| Nicholas de Ovando | Spanish explorer who established first permanent base in the Americas in 1502 |
| Americago Vespucci | Italian explorer who mapped eastern coast of South America from 1499 to 1502 |
| Indians | Residents of the not so "new" world |
| Disease | Killed the vast majority of Indians in North America |
| Printing Press | This machine invented by Johannes Gutenberg made possible the rapid spread of information |
| Conquistadores | Spanish explorers |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Conquistador given credit for crossing the isthmus of Panama to become the first European to see the Pacific ocean |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Conquistador who made the first circumnavigation of the Earth in 1522 |
| Hernan Cortes | Conquistador who conquered Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital |
| Aztec Empire | The area of land in present day Mexico which was controlled by the Aztecs |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who conquered the Incas in modern day Peru |
| Spain | The first European country to establish a immense empire in the New World |
| Council of the Indies | The Spanish ruling body that administered Spanish colonies |
| The Catholic Church | The most powerful religious group in Europe, it played a significant role in the administration of the Spanish colonies |
| Haciendas | Large scale farms controlled by Spanish warlords |
| 750,000 immigrants | The total number of immigrants during the three centuries of Spain's colonial rule |
| Mestizos | Persons of mixed origin who made up a large part of the urban population of Mexico |
| "True faith" | One of Spain's primary goals was to convert Indians to Catholicism |
| Virgin of Guadalupe | A vision of the Virgin Mary who looked very much like a dark-skinned Indian |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that your culture is the best |
| Pope Alexander VI | The head of the Catholic Church who divided the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal |
| Martin Luther | The German priest who started the Reformation |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | The Spaniard preached against the injustices of Spanish rule |
| Encomienda system | The system where Spanish colonists were given the right to extract forced labor from the native inhabitants |
| Repartimiento system | The system where residents of Indian villages remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year |
| Black Legend | The image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitive colonizer |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | Conquistador who claimed Florida for Spain |
| Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo | Conquistador who explored and claimed West coast for Spain |
| Hernando de Soto | Conquistador who explored and claimed the Gulf region for Spain |
| Cabeza de Vaca | Conquistador who explored and claimed land in American south and south-west |
| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | Conquistador who explored and claimed land in American south-west including the Grand Canyon |
| St. Augustine, Florida | Oldest city in the United States |
| Juan de Onate | Conquistador who destroyed the sky city of Acoma and was punished by Spanish government for his brutality |
| Santa Fe | In 1610 became the capital of New Mexico |
| Pueblo Indians | Indians of the Southwest |
| Hopi/Zuni | Indians in the Southwest who built great planned towns |
| Mound Builders | Indians who controlled Ohio River Valley |
| Iroquois Indians | Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondeaga Indians |
| Matrilineal | A society centered on the clans or kinship groups in which the children became members of the mother's family |
| Land claims | The way to claim land, the europeans thought, was to labor with the earth |
| French | Initial goal was to find gold and establish a Northwest Passage |
| Sir Humphrey Gilbert | Established a short-lived settlement on Newfoundland in 1582 |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | Established a short-lived settlement on the islands off the Carolinas in 1585 |
| Roanoke Island | Raleigh's settlement off North Carolina coast |
| Croaton | The Indian name that was "mysteriously" carved into the bark of a tree |
| Richard Kakluyt | A Protestant minister and scholar who listed 23 reasons in support of English colonization |
| Land of great plenty | The portrait that promoters of North American colonization painted to attract people to New World |
| Enclosure movement | The process where rich landowners evicted their tenets in order to raise more sheep and to engage in more modern faming practices |
| Social Crisis in England | In 17th century, more than half of the population lived below the poverty line |
| Thomas More’s Utopia | A novel that made America look like a place where settlers could escape from the economic inequalities of Europe |
| Christian Freedom | Abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christ |
| Rights of Englishmen | Protection against arbitrary imprisonment and seizure of one's property without the due process of law |
| Magna Carta | Signed in 1215 it limited the power of King John |
| The Levellers | History's first democratic political movement, this group proposed a written constitution and the abolishment of the monarchy |
| The Diggers | A group led by Gerard Winstanley that wanted to have common land ownership in order to stop poverty |
| Henry Care’s English Liberties | A books that claim England was a great country because of its liberties |
