| A | B |
|---|
| dress norm | Standard or rule that specifies how people should or should not look under given circumstances |
| goal | the end which an individual aims to accomplish |
| means | measures or methods adopted to reach a goal |
| negative content | Stated negatively and Proscribed, “should not |
| positive content | Stated positively and Prescribed, “should” |
| societal functions of content | Economic, Political, Replacement, Education, Religious |
| economic functions | Production, distribution, and consumption of a society’s resources; Fulfilled by individuals assuming occupational and consumer roles; Occupational roles influence dress norms; Occupational roles are made visible by prescribed dress |
| political functions | Actions by the government on behalf of its citizens; Establishing laws and norms; Providing social control; Ensuring economic stability; Setting goals; Protecting against outside threats |
| laws | Norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials |
| replacement functions | Someone to take the place of each of society’s members when they die; Children are replacements for current members of society; Dress norms confirm the gender-specific contribution men and women make to the replacement function |
| educational function | Efforts, usually by more mature members of a society, to teach each new generation the beliefs, the way of life, the values, and some portion of the knowledge and skills of the group |
| school | one agent of cultural transmission with a dual thrust: Development of individuality and Socialization of students |
| religion | an organized system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that |
| functions of religion | fosters an understanding of an individual’s relationship and responsibility to others in living together in community; facilitates closeness to the sacred or transcendent (God, higher power, or ultimate truth/reality); Promote social cohesion; Reaffirm a group’s beliefs and values; Help maintain norms, mores, and prohibitions; Transmit a group’s cultural heritage to the next generation; Provide emotional support during stressful times and at important life stages |
| rational authority | Conviction that a specific individual has a clearly defined right and duty to uphold rules in an impersonal manner; Belief in rules and the power of an office holder to issue commands; Provides the basis for occupational dress requirements |
| dress taboos | norms that carry the connotation of being morally or ethically wrong |
| traditional authority | Belief in a sacred status of immemorial traditions and authorities |
| charismatic authority | Belief in specific and exceptional characteristics of an individual |
| cultural icon | Someone who embodies abstract cultural ideas in a tangible and visible manner |
| public opinion | Attitudes and beliefs that are widespread among members of a society |
| opinion leaders | socially acknowledged experts to whom the public turns for advice |
| formal enactment of norms | derive from a political function |
| informal enactment of norms | grow out of tradition; develop unofficially |
| voluntary norm acceptance | may choose whether to abide by the norm |
| mandatory norm acceptance | acceptance is required and enforced |
| folkways | norms that allow a wide range of interpretation as long as certain boundaries are not exceeded |
| mores' | Strongly held norms that usually have a moral connotation and are based on the central values of the culture |
| fashion | A sociocultural phenomenon in which a preference is shared by a large number of people for a particular style that lasts for a relatively short time, and then is replaced by another style |
| fads | fashion changes characterized by a rapid rise in popularity followed quickly by an abrupt drop in popularity |
| transitory norms | fads and fashions that are widely dispersed, but do not last long enough to become customs |
| rigid | require exact conformity |
| flexible norms | allow leeway in conformity; some room for freedom of action |
| explicit norms | clearly delineated in law books, regulations, and codes |
| group | Composed of people who are in contact with one another; share some ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving; take one another’s behavior into account; have one or more interests or goals in common |
| primary groups | Composed of people who are emotionally close; Know one another well; Seek one another’s company; Interact regularly face-to-face |
| secondary groups | More formally organized; Focus on specialized needs or goals of the members |
| peer group | Made up of social equals; Acquaintances or friends similar to one another in age, education, social class, or interests; Who interact socially on a regular basis; Every social group has its own culture; Its own goals, norms, values, and ways of doing things |
| subculture | The distinctive lifestyles, values, norms, and beliefs of certain segments of the population within a society |
| being a group member means... | Submitting to group control; Giving up some individual freedom |
| status | An individual’s position in a social hierarchy |
| general status | sum of particular statuses |
| ascribed status | Assigned due to birth or other factors; Not under an individual’s control |
| achieved status | Obtained due to effort or choice |
| roles | Culturally defined rights and obligations attached to a status; They indicate the behavior expected of an individual holding that particular status |
| rights | Inform individuals of behavior they can expect from others |
| obligations | Inform individuals of the behavior others expect from them |
| rite of passage | Public ceremony that is used to validate changes in a person’s status |
| socialization | lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society |
| primary socialization | Processes through which a child initially, learns a language, adopts basic cultural norms and values, behaves in terms of these norms and values, and forms a culturally appropriate social identity |
| secondary socialization | Processes by which individuals learn new statuses or roles |
