| A | B |
|---|
| Olaudah Equiano | An educated slave who insisted that all slaves and people were capable of intellectual improvement |
| Colonial Development | The first half of the 18th century was a period of sustained development for British North America and people came to see it as a rising empire |
| Liberty | The most important principle to Englishmen, made empire distinct |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | 7.7 million Africans were transported to the New World between 1492 and 1820 in a business in which European merchants, African traders, and American planters engaged in complex bargaining over human lives |
| Triangle Trade | British manufactured goods to Africa and the colonies, colonial products including tobacco, indigo, sugar, and rice to Europe, and slaves from Africa to the New World |
| Middle Passage | A harrowing experience for slaves, it was the second, or middle, leg in the triangular trade |
| Tobacco-Based Slavery | Slavery practiced primarily in the Chesapeake region |
| Rice-Based Slavery | Slavery practiced primarily in the Carolinas and Georgia, foundation of the wealthiest slave owning class in North America |
| Indigo | Crop grown in the southern colonies, used to produce blue dyes |
| James Oglethorpe | Philanthropist who founded Georgia |
| Nonplantation Slavery | Slavery practiced in New England and Middle colonies, slaves worked as farm hands, in artisan shops, loading and unloading ships, and as personal servants |
| Melting Pot | Unlike free settlement, slavery forced an intermingling of cultures |
| African American Cultures | By the mid-eighteenth century, the three slave systems in British North America had produced distinct cultures different from that of white settlers |
| Slave Rebellions | Often taking place during confrontations between colonial powers, slaves revolted in an attempt to gain freedom |
| The Stono Rebellion | Slave rebellion that led to the severe tightening of the South Carolina slave code |
| British Liberty | Despite slavery, eighteenth-century Great Britain prided itself on being the most advanced and freest nation on earth |
| Republicanism | A government where the people worked for the public good |
| Country Party | Critical of the status quo, wanted government to work for the good of society and not for the good of the government |
| Cato’s Letters | Written by John Thenchard and Thomas Gordon, these publications stressed the political role of the independent land owner and warned that political power infringed upon liberty |
| Liberalism | Liberalism – School of thought that concerned itself with private freedoms |
| John Locke | Writer of the Two Treatises on Government who believed that men possessed natural rights |
| Natural Rights | Rights not given but natural to mankind, such as the right to life and liberty |
| Voting Rights | A higher percentage of men in the New World than in the Old World enjoyed voting rights |
| Deference | Assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried with them a right to public office |
| Salutary Neglect | For the most part, Britain allowed each colony to govern itself |
| Colonial Assemblies | Became more powerful in the 18th century as economic power enhanced the power of American elites |
| Unicameral | One-house legislature |
| Ben Franklin | A man of many talents, he founded the Junto in 1727 |
| Junto | Political club founded for mutual improvement, evolved into the American Philosophical Society |
| Library Company | First Library in America, founded by Ben Franklin in 1731 |
| Colonial Newspapers | Spread political ideas throughout the colonies, the first was the Boston Newsletter |
| Freedom of Speech | Not a “natural right”, it was original intended to allow members of Parliament to express their views without fear of reprisal |
| John Peter Zenger | German-born printer whose newspaper was critical of the government, his trial increased the freedom of the press |
| Andrew Hamilton | John Zenger’s lawyer |
| Arminianism | School of thought that believed that reason was capable of establishing the essentials of religion |
| Deism | Belief that God essentially withdrew after creating the world, many leading American citizens believed in view of religion |
| The Great Awakening | Series of revivals that took place during the 18th century |
| Jonathan Edwards | Jonathan Edwards – Massachusetts Congregationalist minister whose emotional style of preaching inspired them to be born again, writer of “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” |
| George Whitefield | English minister who sparked the Great Awakening, believed that men and women could ask God for forgiveness |
| "Are You Saved?" | Whitefield’s famous question |
| Dissenting Churches | Churches created during the Great Awakening who were separate from the established church, Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and others |
| Impact of Great Awakening | Helped some people to realize religion was more important than profit, that slavery was a moral wrong, greatly expanded print media and made common people desire independence |
| Spanish Colonies | Spain attempted to reinvigorate it empire north of the Rio Grande |
| California | Spain colonized California in an attempt to protect its American empire from foreign powers |
| Junipero Serra | Priest who founded California’s first mission and converted thousands of Indians to Christianity |
| French Colonies | Controlled more land than British but had fewer settlers, it posed a real challenge to British colonies |
| The Ohio River Valley | Land fought over by British, French, and Native Americans |
| The Ohio Company | A joint-stock company that was awarded half a million acres of land in the Ohio River Valley |
| The Seven Years' War | Known in the colonies as the French and Indian War, it began because of a conflict over land and would alter the global balance of power |
| George Washington | 21 year old colonial officer who was sent to kick French out of forts in Ohio River Valley |
| Fort Necessity | Built by George Washington, it was surrendered to the French |
| Fort Duquesne | French Fort attacked unsuccessfully by General Braddock |
| Edward Braddock | British military commander during the French and Indian War |
| Peace of Paris | 1763 treaty that ended the Sever Years’ War |
| Pontiac’s Rebellion | Indian revolt that was initially successful and caused the British to issue the Proclamation of 1763 |
| Neolin | Delaware religious profit who instigated Pontiac’s Rebellion |
| Proclamation Line of 1763 | Territorial line that ran along the Appalachian mounted and prohibited settlement in the west |
| Paxton Revolt | Uprising of Scotch-Irish farmers in Pennsylvania who fought to remove Native Americans from the land |
| Collective Identity | Due to fighting in French and Indian War, colonists began to see themselves more as a unit than as a collection of independent colonies |
| Albany Plan of Union | Proposed by Ben Franklin, it called for the creation of a grand council of delegates from each colony to levy taxes and deal with Indian relations and the common defense |
| Edmond Burke | English statesman who was almost alone in seeing the newly expanding empire as a challenge to the principles of British freedom. |
