| A | B |
|---|
| Pyrrhic Victory | Means a victory that was too costly in men,supplies and $. |
| Tarentum | Greek colony that tried to resist Roman control with the help of King Pyrrhus of Epirus. |
| Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) | A series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage. |
| 1st Punic War (264-241 BCE) | Rome and Carthage fight a Vietnam style war over Sicily. Rome Wins and forces Carthage out of Sicily. |
| Spain | Carthage begin to increase it's acitivty here after it loses the first Punic War. |
| 2nd Punic War (237-203 BCE) | Hannibal invades Italy thru the Alps leading 50,000 men. |
| Zama | Battle where Rome finally defeat Carthage during the 2nd Punic War. |
| Scipio "Africanus" | Roman general who defeats Hannibal and the Carthaginians. |
| Indemnity | Payments made for war damages. |
| Fabius Maximus | Roman General who attempted "hit & run" tatics to defeat Hannibal. Is later replaced by Scipio "Africanus" |
| 3rd Punic War (190's-146 BCE) | Carthage had paid off it's debt and Hannibal began to drumming up support of Eastern Kings. Rome ends up completely destroying Carthage. |
| Eastern Wars (216-147 BCE) | Rome gains control over Greece and parts of Asia. |
| The Spanish Wars (200-133 BCE) | Guerilla style and devastating, gave Rome control over Iberian Peninsula. |
| Areas controlled by Rome by the middle of 2nd Century BCE | Italy, N. Africa, most of Iberian Peninsula, Macedonia, Greece, parts of Asia, Sicily,Sardinia, Corsica. |
| Roman Expansion (all of it's wars) | Cost Rome her innocence, thousands of lives and forced it to CHANGE. |
| Hellenization of Roman Society | Greek speaking provinces of Roman Empire become the sources of Wealth and Culture for Rome. |
| Factionalization of Roman Patrician Politics | Members of Roman politics either are for the changes or against the changes brought about by the Helleniztion of Rome. |
| Catonic Circle | Conservatives who hung on to Roman Values. |
| Scipionic Circle | Liberals who embraced Greek culture and language. |
| Proconsul | New position (govenor) that helped nobles gain power and influence. |
| Equites (Knights) | Middle class of men. Begin to help the Patricians gain more power. |
| Loss of Public Land | Wealthy Patricians used their power and influence to take public lands and create large plantations (latifundia). Very inefficient, caused food shortages. Run by slave labor. |
| Military Crisis | Military service was based on land ownership, because there was a lack of public land their was a lack of soldiers. |
| Tiberius Gracchus | Wanted to given back Public Land to solve Rome's problems. Idea was squashed, so was he when he was clubbed to death. |
| Murder of Tiberius Gracchus | Broke the taboo against political assassination (sacrosanctitatas). |
| Tiberius Gracchus's Land Redistribution Bill | Was inially stopped, but is later passed. Senate takes credit for it. |
| Gaius Sempronius Gracchus | Continued his brothers legacy of reform. Passes Grain Law, Colonization Law and other things. |
| Roman Army | Began to be used to further political ambitions. |
| Marius | Roman General, elected to 5 straight Consulships. Helped reform the army. Is replaced when he cant fight in the "Social Wars" |
| Sulla | Nicknamed "Sulla the Butcher" for his conduct during the "Social Wars" |
| Soical Wars (91-87 BCE) | Wars fought between the Italians and the Senate over citizenship. |
| Results of Sulla's Use of Army in Politcs | It now becomes the norm to control Roman poltics by using the Army. |
| Spartacus | Led an uprising of 70,000 slaves. Rebellion is crushed by Crassus and some 6000 slaves are crucified. |
