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| What is physiology? | Physiology is the study of the function of living organisms, "how things work". Human physiology studies humans. |
| What is anatomy? | Anatomy is the study of structures of living organisms, how things are put together. |
| What is the basic functional unit of all living organisms? | Cells |
| Organisms made up of one cell are called what? | unicellular. Examples: bacteria, giardia |
| Organisms consisting of many cells are called what? | Multicellular. Examples: humans, plants, mushrooms, etc. |
| Define tissues. | A group of cells with a particular structure and function. |
| How many basic types of tissue are there in the human body? | Four basic types of tissue in the human body. Epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve. |
| Where would you find epithelial tissue? | It lines the surfaces of the body. |
| Describe connective tissue. | It's a catchall category. ??? |
| What are the three types of muscular tissue? | Skeletal, smooth and cardiac. |
| Which of the three types of muscular tissue do you have control over? | Skeletal muscles. |
| Which type of muscular tissue do you NOT have control over? | Smooth muscles. What about cardiac? |
| Where does a sensory neuron send messages to? | To the brain or spinal chord. |
| Where do motor neurons send messages to? | From the brain or spinal chord to the body. |
| Where are the inner neurons? | In the brain tissue. |
| Define "organs". | Structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function. |
| What is an "organ system"? | Several organs working together to accomplish a particular function. Example: digestive system. |
| What is an "organism"? | Consisting of many interacting organ systems. |
| Define "homeostasis". | Maintaining a constant internal environment. |
| What is extracellular fluid (ECF)? | Fluid that surrounds the cells. |
| What are the two extracellular fluids called? | Plasma, Interstitial fluid. |
| Where is the extracellular fluid plasma found? | In the blood vessles. |
| What is plasma? | The fluid surrounding the red blood cells. It's the watery part of blood that carries nutrients to all the cells and waste from the cells. |
| What is Interstitial fluid? | Fluid surrounding all the bodies cells, found throughout the body except in the blood vessles. |
| What 7 things in extracellular fluid must be maintained at proper levels for the cells to function properly? | 1) the ph level. 2) nutrient level. 3) ion concentration. 4) gas concentration. 5) the volume. 6) the pressure. 7) the temperature. |
| What are the two controls that maintain homeostasis? | Intrinsic (within) and Extrinsic (outside) |
| Control of homeostasis: Intrinsic or extrinsic: takes place at the level of the organ involved? | Intrinsic |
| Control of homeostasis: Intrinsic or extrinsic: this type of control takes place immediately in a healthy body, not so quickly in diseased bodies. | Intrinsic |
| Control of homeostasis: Intrinsic or extrinsic: as tissues have homeostasis compromised they get saggy. This condition allows ECF to enter the area thus increasing the likelyhood of reestablishing homeostasis. | Intrinsic |
| Intrinsic or extrinsic: Primarily the job of the nervous system if a rapid response is needed and the endocrine system if a slower long term response is required. | Extrinsic |
| Control of homeostasis: Intrinsic or extrinsic: coordinates organ systems that control homeostasis. | Extrinsic |
| Control of homeostasis: Negative or Positive feedback? This is the usual way the body responds to changes in homeostasis. | Negative |
| Control of homeostasis: Negative or Positive feedback? a process wherby if a normal condition is somehow changed the body reacts to restore the normal condition. | Negative. Example: thermostat |
| Control of homeostasis: Negative or Positive feedback? body reactions - release of insulin following a meal, body temperature regulation, menstrual cycle. | Negative |
| Control of homeostasis: Negative or Positive feedback? happens very infrequently. | Positive |
| Control of homeostasis: Negative or Positive feedback? process where steady state is not maintained. | Positive |
| Control of homeostasis: Negative or Positive feedback? body examples: fight infections by elevating temperature, release of oxytosin during labor. | Positive |
| What are the three major components of cells? | 1) Plasma membrane (or cell membrane). 2) nucleus. 3) cytoplasm. |
| Where would you find plasma membrane? | It surrounds all the cells. |
| What regulates what gets into or out of a cell? | The plasma membrane. |
| What has the ability to allow cells to engulf foreign substances? | The plasma membrane. |
| What allows cells to be able to join together to form tissues? | The plasma membrane. |
| What is usually the largest component found within a cell? | The nucleus. |
| What part of the cell is surrounded by a double membrane that separates it fron the other components inside the cell. | The cell nucleus. |
| What part of the cell contains the genetic material (DNA) that ultimately controls function of the cell and the production of all cellular products?? | The nucleus. |
| What is the material within the cell that is outside the nucleus? | Cytoplasm |
| Concerning cytoplasm: What is the a gel-like substance containing various ions and nutrients depending on the function of the cell, called? | Intracellular fluid (ICF), or cytosol. |
| What are the components suspended in the ICF that enable the cell to perform it's function, called? | Organelles |
| What is the structure of the plasma membrane called? | The "Fluid Mosaic Model". |
| The cell's plasma membrane structure consists of four components. What are they? | 1) Phospholipid bilayer 2) Cholesterol 3) Protiens 4) Carbohydrate molecules |
| Describe the phospholipid bilayer of the cell plasma membrane. | Consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules with polar heads that point out toward the ECF and inward toward the ICF. The nonpolar tails point toward each other. This represents the fluid portion of the Fluid Mosaic Model. |
| Describe the cholesterol in the cells plasma membrane. | a type of fat molecule embedded among the phospholipid tails in the bilayer. |
| What protiens are in the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? | Integral proteins, Peripheral proteins, and Glycoprotiens |
| Describe the "integral proteins" in the phospholipid bilayer. | AKA carrier or channel proteins, they protrude thru both phospholipid layers and are the transport mechanisms through the bilayer. |
| Describe the "peripheral proteins" of the phospholipid bilayer. | They are either attached to integral proteins or are under the bilayer, and, very rarely, floats on top of the bilayer. |
| Describe the "glycoproteins" of the phospholipid bilayer. | They are either integral or periferal proteins with carbohydrate molecules attached, usually on the ECF side. |
| What constitutes the "mosiac" portion of the Fluid Mosiac Model? | The proteins. |
| What constitutes the "fluid" portion of the Fluid Mosiac Model? | The phospholipid bilayer. |
| Describe the "carbohydrate molecules" in the cells plasma membrane. | They are usually attached to protein and phospholipid molecules on the ECF side. |
| What can move readily through the phospholipid bilayer? | Carbon dioxide, oxygen and water. |
| What types of molecules are allowed through the phospholipid bilayer? | Usually only small nonpolar molecules may enter or leave through the proteins. |
| Explain "simple diffusion". | Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in an effort to reach equilibrium. |
| Explain Osmosis. | A type of diffusion wherby water molecules move [through a semipermeable membrane]. |
| What is an Isotonic Solution? | A solution where you have equal number of solute molecules on both sides of a membrane so there is no movement of water molecules to equalize it. |
| What is a Hypertonic Solution? | A solution where there is more solute in the ECF than in the ICF so water is going to leave the ICF to try to reach equilibrium [resulting in cell crenation]. |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | A solution where there is more solute in the ICF than in the ECF so water is going to enter the ICF to try to reach equilibrium [resulting in cell lysis]. |
| What do Integral Proteins do? | They function to allow large polar molecules or ions into or out of cells. Ex: sugar, Na+, K+ |
| Describe facilitated duffusion. | It requires a concentration gradient or an electrical gradient and requires a channel protein to move. |
| Describe active transport. | 1) molecules/ions move against a concentration gradient. 2) requires energy from the cell. 3) rate limited by the # of carrier/channel proteins and the amount of energy produced by the cell. |
| What are the three types of integral proteins? | Uniport, symport, and Antiport. |
| Describe an Uniport integral protein. | It's a one way port and carries one type of molecule/ion in only one direction. |
| Describe a Symport integral protein. | It carries two different molecules/ions in one direction at the same time. |
| Describe an Antiport integral protein. | It carries two different molecules/ions in opposite directions at essentially the same time. |
| Describe cell to cell recognition. | Integral proteins, and others, act to help neighboring cells tell each other apart. |
| What are cell receptor sites? | Integral protein sites used to bind with molecules in the ECF that influence cellular activith. |
| What acts as attachments for cytoskeletal elements and structural elements in the ECF to the cell? | Integral proteins. |
| Cells attach to each other at three types of junctions to form tissue. What are the junctions called? | Tight junctions, Desmosomes, and gap junctions. |
| Describe "tight junctions" in cells. | They fuse cell membrane toghther to eliminate movement of substances between cells. Ex: lining tissue - skin. |
| Describe what desmosomes in cells do. | They're like spot welds that loosely join cells together. Seen in tissues that stretch. Ex: lower layers of skin, smooth muscle, stomach, uterus. |
| Describe gap junctions in cells. | Small channels between adjacent cell membranes that allows for quik movement of ions between cells. Ex: heart muscle. |
| What do peripheral proteins do? | 1) act primarily as intracellular enzymes that act to control chemical reactions within cells. 2) also serve as attachment points for cell-to-cell junctions (CAM - Cell Adhesion Molecule). |
