| A | B |
|---|
| Edwin L. Drake | successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania |
| Bessemer Process | a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850 |
| Thomas Alva Edison | established the world's first research lab and perfected the incandescent light bulb. Created an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power |
| Christopher Sholes | Invented the typewriter in 1867 |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Invented the telephone |
| transcontinental railroad | a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869 |
| George M. Pullman | Built a factory for manufacturing sleeper and other railroad cars. Created a town for his employees |
| Interstate Commerce Act | a law, enacted in 1887, that reestablished the federal government's right to supervise railroad activities and created a fivemember Interstate Commerce Commission to do so. |
| vertical integration | a company's taking over its suppliers and distributors to gain total control over the quality and cost of it's product |
| horizontal consolidation | the merging of companies that make similar products |
| Social Darwinism | an economic and social philosophy-supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection-holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest |
| monopoly | a complete control over and industry, achieved by buying up or driving out of business all competitors |
| holding company | a corporation formed to buy up the stock of other companies and thus create a monopoly |
| John D. Rockefeller | head of the Standard Oil Company |
| trust | a method of consolidationg competing companies, in which participants turn their stock over to a board of trustees, who run the companies as one large corporation |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade |
| Samuel Gompers | President of AFL, helped organize skilled workers |
| American Federation of Labor | an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886 |
| collective bargaining | negotiations between the representatives of workers and employers to reach agreement on wages, benefits, ahours, and working conditions |
| Eugene V. Debs | Socialist who organized skilled & unskilled workers |
| socialism | an economic and political system based on government ownership of business and property and on equal distribution of wealth |
| Industrial Workers of the World | a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905 |
| scabs | a person who works while others on on strike |
| Mary Harris "Mother" Jones | one of the most prominent organizer in the women's labor moviement. Supporeted the Great Strike of 1877 and joined the United Mine Workers of America |
