| A | B |
|---|
| The many species that live together in a habitat are called | a community |
| Species diversity is the number of | species of all six kingdoms living within an ecosystem |
| The plants the first grow on an island formed by a volcano are part of a progresion called | primary succession |
| In the living portion of the water cycle, water | is taken up by the roots of a plant |
| The levels of a food change are limited because | too much energy is lost at each level to permit more levels |
| The increase in carbon dioxide in our atmosphere over the last 150 years is caused primarily by | burning fossil fuels |
| The conversion of nitrated to nitrogen gas is called | denitrification |
| animals at the second trophic level that eat plants | herbivores |
| the place where a particular population of a species lives | habitat |
| bacteria and fungi that cause decay | decomposers |
| complex, interconnected path of energy in an ecosystem | food web |
| the study of the interatctions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environement | ecology |
| animals that eat both plants and animals | omnivores |
| a linear path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem | food chain |
| the many species that live together in a habitat | community |
| an organisms's place in a necosystem based on its source of energy | trophic level |
| organisms that obtain their energy from organic wastes and dead bodies | detritivores |
| animals at the third trophic level that eat flesh | carnivores |
| the regular progression of species replacement | succession |
| a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat | ecosystem |
| In 1866, the German biologist Ernst Haeckel gave a name to the study of how organisms fit into their environment, calling it | ecology |
| The physical aspects of an ecosystem's habitat included | soil, water, weather |
| When succession occurs in areas where there has been previous growth, it is called | secondary succession |
| The amount of organic material that the photosythetic organisms of an ecosystem produce is called | primary productivity |
| At each trophic level, the energy stored by the organisms is about ____ of that stored by the organisms in the level below | 10% |
| By collecting, drying, and weighing all of the organisms in each trohpic level of an ecosystem, ecologists obtain a pyramid of | biomass |
| A hawk that eats a snake is a | tertiary consumer |
| ________ is water that is retained below the surface of the earth | ground water |
| ______ is the process of cmbinging nitrogetn gas with hydrogen to form ammonia | nitrogen fixation |
| __________ is the production of ammonia by bacteria durignt eh decay of nitrogen-containing organic matter | ammonification |
| What components are in an ecosystem and not in a community? | physical components like water, soil, and weather |
| Why are bacteria and fungi important to an ecosystem? | they are detritivores and they decompose dead organisms that release nutrients back into the enviroment |
| What is a climax community? | a stable ecosystem with little change |
| Why are producers essential to an ecosystem? | they supply energy for other organisms to build molecules by photosynthesis |
| How does a food chain differ from a food web? | A food chain is a simple path through trophic levels, food web is a complicated, interconnected path of energy |
| Why are energy pyramids never inverted? | If they were inverted, it would mean more energy is passed on than stored. |
| Trace cycling of water btwn. air and the Earth | 1)atmosphere as rain 2)goes into soil and becomes gorund water 3)some flows into bodies of water 4)evaporates into atmosphere as rain |
| List four stages of nitrogen cycle | assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification |
| Why is phophorus essential to living organisms? | used to build molecules like ATP and DNA |
| How is carbon dioxide returned to the air and water? | cellular respiration, combustion, and decomposition |
| How are humans disrupting the carbon cycle? | burning too many fossil fuels in too short a period of time; killng vegetation which reduces amount of plants able to take in Carb. Di. |
| Greatest fisheries found in | shallow ocean waters |
| plankton found in | open sea surface |
| deepest waters of the ocean, built in pressure system, animals hear | benthic zone |
| orgainsims produce own light | deep sea waters |
| most of teh ocean, below ocean surface but above benthic zone | nephretic zone |
| most difficult and harch environment, organisms have many adaptations | intertidal zones |
| much precipitaiton, trees not bushy, leaves at top | tropical rain forest |
| dry grasslands | savannahs |
| dry, succulant plants, small leaves so no transpiration | desert |
| fertile, moderate temp | temperate grasslands |
| dense, hardwood forests | deciduous forests |
| cone-bearing trees, cold temp. | coniferous forests/taiga |
| very cold places | tundra |
| When the pH of rainwater was measured in the United States in 1989, it rarely had a pH lower then 5.6, except in the _____, where it had a pH of about 3.8 | northeast |
| In the US and Europe, local populations of frogs are becoming extinct at least partly because their larvae cannot develop properly in ______ water | acidic |
| Because of the current condition of the ozone layer, more ________ is reaching the Earth's surface | ultraviolet radiation |
| The insulationg effect of various gases in Earth's atmosphere is known as the | greenhouse effect |
| The increase in global temperatures is called | global warming |
| Most of our ground water is stored in porous rock reservoirs called | aquifers |
| Since 1650, the human birth rate has ______ and the death rage has _____ steadily | remained constant; fallen |
| In Mexico over the last 30 years, the average number of children per family has | decreased |
| Environemntalists object to ______b/c they do not take into account the long range consequences of pollution | pollution permits |
| The Clean Air Act of 1990 requires that power plants install ____ on their smokestacks | scrubbers |
| The knowledge of _____ is the essential tool that a citizen must have in order to contribute to solving our environmental problems | ecology |
| Why do areas far from sites of industrial pollution experience the effects of acid rain? | sulfur is spread through the atmosphere by forces such as the wind |
| How does the presence of the ozone layer affect life on Earth? | it filters out most of the UV raidaiton coming to Earth, so prevents skin cancer, cataracts, and cancer of the retina to some degree |
| What are 2 major causes of the current levels of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere? | industrial burning of fossil fuels and the burning of vegetation for agriculture |
| What has happened to the human death rate in past sev. hundred yrs.? | declined due to better medicine, healthcare, sanitation, and diet. |
| What 2 approaches have been most effective in reducing pollution in US? | heavy fines for industrial plants, laws to stop production of chemicals |
| In order, the five components to solving an environemental problem? | assessment, risk analysis, public education, political action, and follow through. |
| What scientist first determined that cells come only from other cells? | Virchow |
| Very large cells can't survive because they lcack sufficient | surface area |
| Every atom consists of a cloud of tiny particles called electrons that spin around a small, dense core called a | nucleus |
| When two atoms share electrons, the bond formed is called a | covalent bond |
| Any substance that ionizes to form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water is called | a base |
| Inside a eukaryotic cell, the mitochondria | relase energy |
| your hair and muslces are made of these macromolecules | proteins |
| polysaccharide that provides structural support for plants | cellulose |
| fibrous protein that forms the matrix of your skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones | collagen |
| lipids that contain the maximum number of carbon-hydrogen bonds possible | saturated fats |
| protein that increases the rate of a chemical reation without being destroyed itself | enzyme |
| polysaccharide in which animals store glucose in their bodies | glycogen |
| many hormones are this type of lipid | steroid |
| macromolecules made up of long chains of small repeating subunits called nucleotides | nucleic acids |
| five-carbon sugar with a phosphate group attached to one side of the sugar ring and an orgainc base attached to the other | nucleotides |
| ribonucleic acid | RNA |
| organic macromolecules that do not dissovle in water | lipids |
| energy storage molecule, whose energy can be used immediately bt the cell without a series of chemical reactions | ATP |
| carbohydrates that are made by linking individual sugars together to form long chains | polysaccharides |
| the nucleic acid that stores hereditary information | DNA |
| polysaccharide that stores glucose in plants | starch |
| macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1 | carbohydrates |
| humans use 20 different kinds of these building blocks of protein | amino acids |
| lipid that has carbon-carbon double bonds at various points | unsaturated fats |
| long chains of amino acids | polypeptides |
| The fulid portion of cytoplasm is called | cytosol |
| An ______ is an atom that has unequal numbers of protons and electrons | ion |
| A _____ is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds | molecule |
| The force of attraction between a positive and negative ion is an ___ bond | ionic |
| __________ allow certain molecules to pass into and out of the nucleus of a cell | nuclear pores |
| ______ are vesicles that contain the cell's digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
| Peroxisomes are small vesicles that contain several kinds of _______ | enzymes |
| The cytosekelton is a meshlike network of protein fbers that support the shape of the cell and anchor its | organelles |
| Microtubules aid in moving chromosonmes during cell division by forming cylindrical organelles called | centrioles |
| Actin and intermediate filaments provide the cell with mechanical support and helpt to determine the_____ of teh cell. | shape |
| How are hydrogen bonds formed? | Electrons in hydrogen attached to electrons in oxygen |
| Why is water a good solvent? | due to its polarity; forms H bonds ith polar molecules; polarity attracts, dissolves, and disperses polar molecules |
| Explain the pH scale and how it measures the strength of acids and bases | compares the amount of H in one subtance to the amount of H in another; Different H levels appear as different colors |
| State 3 parts of cell theory | 1) all living organisms made up of cells 2)cell is basic unit of function and structure in all living things 3)all cells come from preexisting cells |
| Tell primary differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | E cells have a nucleus, specialization, compartmentalization, and membrane-bound organelles; P cells have non and DNA material inside a single molecule instead of nuc. |
| Differentiate betwn. rough and smooth ER | rough ER has ribosomes attached, smooth ER does not |
| Explain the function of flagella and cilia | assist mobility |
| The plasma membrane of a cell is formed when water molecules form hydrogen bonds with | the polar tails of a phospholipid molecule |
| In the plasma membrane of a cell, channels serve as | passageways |
| If you drop a lump of sugar into a beaker of water, the sugar particles will become evenly distributed troughout the water through | diffusion |
| If the solute concentration in the environment is higher than that in the cell, the cell solution is said to be | hypotonic |
| What is an ex. of osmosis? | movement oif water from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration |
| Whan particles move out of a cell through facilitated diffusion, the cell | expend no energy |
| When a cell uses energy to transprort a particle through its plasma membrane toward the side of higher concentration, the cell is using | active transport |
| An excretion of waste materials outside a cell by discharging them from wast vacuoles that fuse with the plasma membrane is known as | exocytosis |
| A nerve cell communicates with another nerve cell or muscle cell using chemicals called | neurotransmitters |
| The neurotransmitter molecule that cuases a muscle cell to contract is called | acetylcholine |
| The lipid bilayer is made up of a _____ layer of phospholipids | double |
| Osmosis and diffusion are both examples of _____ transport | passive |
| The plasma membrane of a cell is | selectively permeable |
| The sodium potassuium pump uses ____ to function | energy |
| Proton pump channesls are used to make ____ from _____ during chemiosmosis | ATP from ADP |
| A _______ in teh plasma membrane of a cell may be opened of shut like a gate in a fence | gated channel |
| The plasma membrane of a cell is made up of 2 main groups of organic molecules | phospholipids and proteins |
| Cell surface proetins allow cells to _____ with other cells | interact |
| Chemicals called _____ are secreted by the glands in your hody; they act by binding to receptors on thesurfaces on your cells | hormones |
| When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout the solvent, the system is said to be in | equilibrium |
| If an animal cell is suspended in a hypotonic colution, the _______ pressure can cause the cell to burst | osmotic |
| Of all of the particle transport processes that do not require an expenditure of energy by a dcell, only ______ involves the movement of particles through membrane channels | facilitiated diffusion |
| The sodium-potassium pump and _______ work together to transport many of the essential food particles into your cells | coupled channels |
| The white blood cells of the human immune system use ______ to swallow invading bacteria | phagocytosis |
| Channels that that open in response to an electrical signal are called | voltage-gated channels |
| Name the three particle transport processes in cells that don't require energy | osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion |
| Define chemiosmosis | active transport of protons to make ATP |
| The energy that is stored in an object because of its position is | Potential energy |
| The total amount of energy in a closed system | never changes |
| ALmost all of the energy for living systems comes from | the sun |
| When a molecule gains an electron, the molecule has been | reduced |
| Phoyosynthesis is an | endergonic reaction |
| The match used to start a campfire | provides activation energy |
| Most of the energy that drives metabolism is supplied by | ATP |
| When the coenzyme NAD+ is reduced to NADH, it carries energy from one raction to another in cells in the form of | hydrogen atmos with high energy electrons |
| HOw mayn kinds of enzymes might one cell contain | thousands |
| occurs when chemical bonds between atoms are broken or formed, resulting in teh formation of one or more different substances | chemical reaction |
| the amount of disorder in a system, or its amount of unavailable energy | entropy |
| the energy an object has because of its motion | kinetic energy |
| the energy req'd to break existing chemical bonds and to initiate a chemical reaction | activation energy |
| an endergonic reaction that is driven by the spliting of ATP molecules | coupled reaction |
| a chemical reaction, such as cellular respiration, that releases free energy | exergonic reaction |
| the shutting down of a biochemical pathway caused by a key enzyme's sensitivity to the level of the pathway's product | feeback inhibition |
| chemical reactions that pass electrons from one atom or molecule to another | oxidation-reduction reactions |
| the process that converts inorganic chemical energy to organic chemical energy | chemosynthesis |
| the energy that is stored in an object because of its position | potential energy |
| A chemical reaction, such as photosynthesis, that absorbs free energy | endergonic reaction |
| the sum of energy-transferring reactions within cells | metabolism |
| series of chemical reactions that converts energy stored in food to a more useful form | cellular respiration |
| the process that converts light energy to chemical energy | photosynthesis |
| the study of energy transformations | thermodynamics |
| ______ energy is being expedned by a springer in a 100-m race | kinetic |
| Scientists believe that our universe is a ____ system | closed |
| A system like Earth that exchanges matter and energy with its surroudings is called an ____ system | open |
| Energy flows th rough living systems from orgainisms called____ to other organisms called _____ | autotrophs, heterotrophs |
| In an oxidation-reduction reaction, ______ is the loss of electrons, and the gain of electrons is called ______ | oxidation, reduction |
| A chemical reaction produces new substances called ____ by combining or breaking apart substances called ______ | products, reactants |
| Increasing the rate of a chemical reaction through the uses of an enzyme is called | catalysis |
| The location where a substrate binds to an enzyme is called the | active site |
| One of the most important _____ in cell metabolism is NAD+ | coenzymes |
| ____ enzymes have shapes that can be altered by the bidning of "signal" molecules to their surfaces at the allosteric sites | allosteric |
| A series of chemical reactions is called a _______ | biochemical pathway |
| 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics | 1-E cannot be created or destroyed, only change form 2-disorder in the universe constantly increaes; In a closed system converted to less org. (more stable) form |
| What is free E? | E from chemical reations that drives cell activities |
| How do cells use energy? (6) | movement, changing shape, building new molecules, growth, reproduction, heredity |
