| A | B |
|---|
| Discovery of Cells is Dependent on what? | The invention of the microscope |
| Late 1500s the first lenses were used by the textile industry to examine what? | The quality of cloth |
| 1590: Janssen Brothers(Dutch Eyeglass makers) invented what? | The first Compound Microscope |
| 1610: Galileo used what to observe biological material | Compound Microscoope |
| 1665: Robert Hooke did what? | used comp. microscope to observe deead cork tissue and saw tiny compartments and he named them cells illustrated observations in micrographia. |
| 1675: Anton van Leeuwenhoek(The father of microbiology) made the first simple microscope lenses and discovered what? | Discovered the world of ortanisms by observing pond water, |
| 1824: Dutrochet-- stated that parts of organisms are made up of what? | cells |
| 1833: Robert Brown--Discovered and named what? | The nucleus |
| 1835: Dujardin--reported cells are what and contain what? | are not hollow and contain a thick jelly-like fluid called protoplasm |
| 1838: Matthias Schleiden-- | Stated all plants are composed of cellss |
| 1839: Theodor Schwann-- | Stated all animals are made of cells |
| 1855: Rudolf Virchow-- | Stated all cells come from other living cells. |
| 1940s | 1st electron microscope and allowed biologists to observe the parts of cells |
| Cell Theory | 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function of all organisms. 3. Cells are produced from pre-exsisting cells |
| Study of cells? | Cytology |
| Prokaryotic Cells? | Lack a true nucleus and most membrane bound organelles. Found only in bacteria and cyanobateria(blue-green bacteria/algae) |
| Eukaryotic Cells? | possess a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles found in all other organisms. |
| Nutrition= | obtaining food and raw materials for energy. |
| Digestion= | Breaking down food into a smaller size. |
| Excretion= | removal of cell waste. |
| Respiration= | a process that releases food from molecule |
| Biosynthesis= | building materials needed for life |
| Absorption= | intake of necessary chemicals |
| Response= | ability to react to environmental stimuli |
| Secretion= | the release of manufactured materials to the outside. |
| Egestion= | the release of undigestable food material. |
| Movement= | locomotion |
| Reproduction= | Production of new cells |
| Unicellular= | single-celled organism |
| Multicellular- | many-celled organism, Eukaryotic can be multi or unicellular |
| Unicellular and multicellular organisms perform what? | all the basic life functions |
| Unicellulare perform | all function for once celled organisms |
| Multicellular organisms posses | specialised cells to perform these jobs |
| Division of Labor= | parts of a whole perform specific jobs for the benefit of the whole |
| Interdependency= | parts rely on each other |
| Protoplasm(Chemical Factory)= | A thick jellylike fluid in a living cell, the location of cellular reactions that build and break down materials |
| Cytoplasm= | fluid outside the nucleus. |
| Neucleoplasm= | fluid inside nucleus |
| Reasons for Protoplasm changing constantly: | 1. New raw materials entering the cell. 2. Manufactured materials and wates leaving cell. 3.Molecules being built or constructed. 4.Molecules being destroyed and or torn apart |
| Types of Metabolism= | Anabolism and Catabolism |
| Anabolism= | Constuctive or building phase of molecules. Ex: Photosythensis and dehydration synthesis |
| Catabolism= | Destructive or breakdown phase of molecules. Ex.: Digestion, hydrolosis, cellular response. |
| Cells are composed of | smaller parts called organelles |
| organon= | small cell parts. |
| Cell Membrane(Gatekeeper)= | outer pourous, living boundary. composed of lipoproteins, lipid layers with proteins embedded withing layers |
| Functions of Cell Membrane= | Separates cell from environment, holds cells contents together, controls momentum of materials in and out of cell- semipermeable or selectively permeable, only certain materials may pass through |
| Factors affecting permeability of cell memberane: | Size of pore, solubilty of particle in lipids, position of proteins in the lipid matrix, types of permeases presesnt. |
| Mitochondrian(Powerhouse)= | sit of cellular respiration> food molecules broken down to release energy. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum(Canal System)= | transport, enzyme attachment, ex. lipid synthesis. ribosome attachment |
| Description of ER= | network of tubes |
| Ribosomes(Protein Factories)= | protein synthesis |
| Golgi Bodies(Apparatus)= | manufactures, stores, and secretes chemicals. |
| Vacuoles | Stores food, water, wastes, and minerals, removes access water> protozoa, contractile vacuoles |
| Lysosomes(Suicide Sacs)= | Digest food materials, destroys warn out cell parts & cells |
| Microfilaments= | Change cell shape for movement, part of cytoskeleton for support and shape. |
| Microtubules= | Cytoskeleton for support and shape, movement of internal parts, changes shape and movement, makes up cillia and flagella. |
| Plastids | plants and plant-like cells |
| Chloroplasts(Food Factory)= | photosynthesis, location of chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophyllis, liquid inside is called stroma |
| Chromoplasts= | color for insect attraction, help trap light for photosynthesis |
| Leukoplasts= | store starch or lipids. |
| Centrioles= | help animal in cell division |
| Cilium= | Locomotion, Ex. paramecium and tracheal epithelium |
| Flagellum= | locomotion Ex. Euglena or sperm |
| Cell Wall= | support, shape, and protects from injury and cytolisis. |
| Nucleus= | The control center of the cell. |
| Nucleau Membrane= | separates nuceloplasm and cytoplasm |
| Chromatin= | controls protein synthesis> controls cell activies and traits. |
| Nucleolus= | produce ribosomes |
| Amoeba takes in food how? | Food vacuole is formed around the food |
| Organizational Levels of Life | Subatomic Particles, atoms, Molecule/Compoun....Organelles |
| Cell= | Smallest Unit of Life |
| The main substance found in chromatin is what? | DNA |
| What structure serces as the nucleus' boundary? | nuclear membrane |
| What does the nucleolus make? | Ribosomes |
| Tissue= | cells of similar structure and funct. that work cooperatively |
| Organism: | one entire unit of life= a living thing |
| Organ Systems: | 2 or more organs working cooperatively |
| Unicellular organisms don't have what? | organ, tissues, or an organ system. |
| Simple animals (sponges) don't have what? | Organ or Organ Systems |
| Plants don't have what? | Organ Systems. |
| What type of vacuole is formed by an Amoeba when their cytoplasm surrounds a smalleer organism: | Food Vacuole |
| The 2 main parts of a cell are? | nucleus and cytoplasm |
| External boundary of the cytoplasm is: | plasma membrane |
| cellular eating= | phagocytosis |
| pinocytosis= | cellular drinking |
| photosynthesis is found in the cell's: | chlorophyll |
| spindle fibers and centrioles are made from what? | microtubules |
| What blood protein transports O2? | Hemoglobin |
| Enzymes: | controls the rate of chemical reactions |
| Digestive enzymes are modified and stored where? | Golgi Bodies |
| Digestive Enzymes are manufactured on the what? | Ribosomes |
| Digestive Enzymes are transported by what? | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What happens when digestive enzymes mix with food? | intracellular digestion |
| What 2 compounds compose a plant's cell wall? | cellulose and Pectin |
| Used up food vacuoles move where? | to the cell membrane. |
| what else does the nucleus do? | oversees cellular functions |
| The 2 most primitive forms of life found on today's earth are: | bacteria and blue green algae. |
| Microtubules form 2 external features on some cells what are they? | flagella and cillia |
| cillia: | hairlike structures |
| flagella: | whiplike structures |
| Chromosomes contain what? | the genetic code in DNA |
| What's the difference between Smooth ER and Rough ER | Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER doesn't |
| What compound makes up chromosomes? | chromatin |
