| A | B |
|---|
| REPUBLIC | A political unit without a monarch and in which the citizens vote for their leaders |
| GRAVITAS | seriousness |
| PATER FAMILIAS | The oldest male is head of the family |
| TOGA | Roman garment |
| PATRICIAN | The privileged ruling class |
| PLEBEIAN | The working class |
| LEGION | A large Roman army unit (4,000-6,000) |
| CENTURY | A small Roman army unit (100 soldiers) |
| ROMULUS AND REMUS | Twins who founded the city of Rome |
| CARTHAGE | Once a former Phoenician trading colony, it battles Rome in the Punic Wars |
| PUNIC WARS | Fought between Rome and Carthage |
| HANNIBAL | A Carthaginian general who threatened Rome in the 2nd Punic War |
| SENATE | The aristocratic (rich) branch of the Roman government |
| CONSUL | One of two rulers of Rome. It was an elected position for one year |
| TWELVE TABLES | Law codes "written down" by the plebeians |
| ETRUSCANS | The most advanced group of early Romans. They had a writing system |
| TIBER RIVER | The river flowing through Rome |
| ASSEMBLY | The branch of Roman government that represented the plebeians |
| DICTATOR | An absolute ruler in times of crisis |
| PROLETARIAT | Urban, landless poor |
| GLADIATOR | A person trained to fight for entertainment |
| TRIBUNE | An official who spoke on the behalf of the plebeians |
| THE GRACCHI BROTHERS | Tried to reform Rome's government |
| JULIUS CAESAR, POMPEY, AND CRASSUS | The first triumvirate |
| JULIUS CAESAR | Became absolute ruler in 46 B.C. He was killed on the Ides of March (44 B.C.) |
| SPARTACUS | A slave who led 70,000 slaves to revolt against the Romans |
| BRUTUS | Caesar's "friend" in the senate who helped kill Caesar |
| CLEOPATRA | Egyptian queen who marries Marc Antony |
| MARC ANTONY, OCTAVIAN, AND LEPIDUS | The second triumvirate |
| MARC ANTONY | Unites with Cleopatra. He is defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium |
| OCTAVIAN | Defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatra |
| OCTAVIAN | Becomes sole ruler of Rome. He declares himself Emporer which ends the republic and starts the Roman Empire |
