| A | B |
|---|
| Florence | an important Italian city-state that became the birthplace of the Renaissance |
| Milan | an important city-state in Italy during the Renaissance |
| Venice | an important city-state during the Renaissance |
| Petrarch | Italian poet and scholar who often encouraged people to speak and write thoughtfully |
| Raphael | Renaissance painter who is known for his Madonnas |
| Michelangelo | Renaissance painter and sculptor who sought realism in his art |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance artist who painted the Mona Lisa and made contributions to science |
| Copernicus | Renaissance scientist who taught that Earth moves around the sun |
| Galileo | Renaissance scientist who studied motion and who was imprisoned by the Church for his belief that Earth moves around the sun |
| Johannes Gutenberg | German craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press in the 1440's |
| Martin Luther | German priest whose protest to the Roman Catholic Church in 1517, started the Reformation |
| commerce | the buying and selling of a large quantity of goods |
| indulgence | in the Roman Catholic Church, a pardon for sin |
| excommunicate | to expel from a church |
| Renaissance | the intellectual and economic movement that began in the mid-1400's and lasted until the 1600's that saw a revived interest in the art, social, scientific, and political thoughts of ancient Greece and Rome |
| moveable type | small, reusable metal blocks used to print letters and numbers |
| Protestantism | the religion of Protestants or Christians who led a movement against the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Reformation | the religious movement in Europe that aimed at reforming the Roman Catholic Church but led to the establishment of Protestantism |
| Council of Trent | Council of the Roman Catholic church was held in Trent,Italy in 1545. It |
| Counter - Reformation | response and reforms by the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation |
| Cape of Good Hope | the southern tip of Africa |
| West Indies | islands in the Caribbean |
| Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who encouraged expeditions to explore the west coast of Africa |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India, establishing the first all-water route from Europe. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese sailor led a group of ships, one of which was the first to circumnavigate the world |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian sailor who sailed to the Americas from Spain in 1492 |
| Isabella | Spanish queen who funded Columbus's expedition to America |
| Elizabeth 1 | Queen of England who built up the English navy and promoted the arts |
| circumnavigate | to travel around the world |
| conquistador | a Spanish conqueror |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal |
| Columbian Exchange | the transfer of good and diseases from Europe to America and American items back to Europe |
| Armada | a fleet of warships |
| Sandwich Islands | a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean; now known as the Hawaiian Islands |
| Brazil | a country in South America; originally a Portuguese colony |
| Jamestown | the first permanent English colony in North America |
| New South Wales | a British colony for convicts in Australia |
| Quebec | the first permanent French settlement in North America |
| James Cook | English sea captain who searched for a northern passage to the Pacific |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who claimed Canada for the French |
| colony | a settlement far from the country that governs |
| mercantilism | a system in which a country uses its colonies to obtain raw materials, makes products from the raw materials, and then sells the goods back to the colonists |
| encomienda | a Spanish system that allowed colonists to demand labor from Native Americans |
| triangular trade | a trade arrangement in which manufactured goods were traded for slaves, slaves were sold for raw materials such as sugar cane, and raw materials were made into manufactured products for sale |
