| A | B |
|---|
| connective tissue proper | connective tissues are dervied from embryonic mesoderm and occur in many different forms that are divided into two major classes , this one is further divided inot loose and dense connective tissues |
| peritoneal cavity | contains the stomach, intestines and liver |
| special connective tissues | connective tissues are dervied from embryonic mesoderm and occur in many different forms that are divided into two major classes , this one includes cartilage, bone, and blood |
| thoracic cavity | contains the heart, and the lungs |
| matrix | edctracellular material that all connective tissues share, in bone, the ectracellular BLANK contains crystals that make the bones hard; in blood it is a plasma, the fluid portion of the blood |
| loose connective tissue | consists of cells scattered within an amophous mass of proteins that form a ground substance |
| skeleton | makde of jointed bones or cartiloage blocks that grow as the body grows |
| ground substance | gelatinous materialo that is strengthened by a loose scatterieng of protien fibers sucha s collagen elastin which makes the tissues elastic, and reticulin which supports the tissue by forming a collagenous meshwork |
| adipose cells | fat cells, important for nutrient storage, can also be found in loose connective tissue |
| dense connective tissue | xcontains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it stronger than loose connective tissue |
| tissues | groups of cells similar in structure and fuctions are organized into this |
| dense regular connective tissue | the collagen fibers of this term are lined up in parallel, like the strands of a rope, this is the struckture of tendons, which bind muscle to bone and ligaments which bind bone to bone |
| endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm | outedrmost germ layers |
| dense irregular connective tissue | the collagen fibers of this term have many differnet orientaitons. it produces the tough coverings that package organs, such as the capsules of the keidneys and adrenal glands. |
| organs | body sturctures composed of several different tissues that form a structural and functional unit |
| organ systems | a group of organs that coopoerate to perform the major activites of the body |
| epithelium | an epithelial layer that covers every surface of the vertebrate body |
| cartilage | a specialized connective tissue in which the ground substanc eis formed from a characeristic type of glycoperotien. it is a firm and flexible tissues that does not stretch, is far tougher than loose or dense connective tissue and has great tensile strength |
| chondrocytes | the cells of the carilage, live within spaces called lacunae within the cartilage ground substance. the cels remain alive even theough there are no blood vessels within the cartilage maxtrix |
| striated muscles | skeletal and cardiac muscles, their cells apear to have transverse stripes when viewd in longitudianl section under the microscope |
| hydrostatic skeletons | primarily found in soft-bodied invertebrates, such as earthworodms and jellyfish, fluid-filled cavity is encircled by muscle fibers |
| stratified epithelial membranes | weveral cell layers thick and are named according to the features of their uppermost layers, for example, the epidermisis a stratifed squamous epithelium |
| exocrine glands | the connections between the gland and the epithelial membrane is maintianed as a duct |
| endocrine glands | ductless glands; their connections with the epithelium from which they were derived are lost during develpoment |
| exoskeletons | surround the body as a rigid, hard case, |
| endoskeletons | found in vertebrates and echinoderms are rigid internal skeletons to which muscles are attached |
| immovable joints | include the sutures that join the bones of the skull |
| slightly movable joints | include those in which bones are bridged by cartilag. the vertebral bones of the spine are separated by pads of carilage call interverbral discs, thesee carilaious joints allow some movement, primarily flexibility, while acting as effcient shock absorbers. |
| freely movable joints | incle many6 types of joints and are also called synovial joints becuase the articulating ends of the bones are located within a synovial capsule filled witha lubricating fluid. |
| origin | an attachment of the muscle, remains relatively staionary during a contraction |
| insertion | the other end of the muscle that is atached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
| synergists | muscles that cause the same action at the joint |
| antagonists | muscles that produce apposing actions |
| isotonic contraction | the force of contraction remains relatively constant throughout the shortening process |
| isometric contraction | during this time, the muscle does not change in length, they occur as a phase of normal muscle contraction |
| Homeostasis | may be defined as the dynamic constancy of the internal environment |
| Sensors | are able to measure each condition of the internal environment constantly monitor the extra cellular codtitions and relay this information |
| integrating center | which contians the set point, the proper value for that condition. |
| effectors | usually muscles or glands, and can change the value of the condition in question back toward the set point value |
