| A | B |
|---|
| Montesquieu | Key to a peaceful society-Separation of power~3 Branches~Checks and Balances |
| Rousseau | Social Contracts-Glorified man in his natural state "noble savage" Said that the King was the delegate to the people |
| Voltaire | Leader of the French Enlightenment~Freedom of Speech |
| Diderot | Edited the Encyclopedia |
| Salons | Where the Enlightenment thinkers would go and talk about their ideas |
| Pre-Revolutionary France | Structured Social Classes, Absolute Power of Monarch, 3rd Estate paid all Taxes |
| 1st Estate | Clergy |
| 2nd Estate | Aristocracy |
| 3rd Estate | Peasants & Bourgeoisie |
| Bastille | Turning Point between peace and violence in the Revolution |
| Guillotine | More humane way of execution |
| Louis XVI | Weak King of France, sentenced to death for Treason |
| Reign of Terror | Led by Robespierre and his Jacobin followers~He said that anyone who wanted or thought about a Revolution would be sentenced to death |
| Robespierre | Leader of the Jacobins, urged working classes to join forces |
| Directory | Group of 5 Men, after Robespierre died, who were corrupt yet successful in war policies |
| Napoleon and His Rise to Power | Napoleon was a general, and the atmosphere in France was right for a Military Dictator, so that is how he came to power |
| Cahiers | These were lists of grievances written by the 3rd Estate, encouraged by the King, to use them as a way to get the Aristocracy to go along with his ideas |
| National Assembly | Made by 3rd Estate~they didn't like meeting in a different room than the privileged estates so they met on a tennis court |
| Industrial Revolution | Bad conditions in Factories, many new inventions made |
| Laissez-Faire | Government plays no role in economics |
| New Inventions | Spinning Jenny, McCormick Reaper, Cotton Gin |
| Population Explosion | Conditions improving from the Industrial Revolution, advancements in medicine, less people dying out, healthier, changed underwear |
| Iron Law of Wages | David Ricardo-Jobs go up = increase in population~jobs go down = population goes down~cycle |
| Medical Advancements | Dominant-recessive genes, Einstein-Period of Relativity, Pasteurization |
| Sigmund Frued | Analyzed Dreams and said that they revealed problems |
| Market Economy | Governs private sector, based on supply and demand |
| Capitalism | Control of Government is in the hands of the people |
| Communism | Everyone and everything is equal-Karl Marx, wrote communist manifesto |
| Sociology | Groups were analyzed rather than individuals |
| Pavlov's Dogs | Used dogs with feeding them after ringing a bell to prove that actions were conditioned into our minds |
| Utopian Socialism | Perfect World |
| Robert Owen | Utopian Socialist |
| Emile Zola | Wrote Germinal |
| Congress of Vienna | GB, Prussia, Russia, & Austria-met to ratify the treaty of Paris and to negotiate a resettlement of the politicle structure of Europe |
| Metternich | Represented Austria, dominated the Congress of Vienna |
| Prince Talleyrand | Represented France in the Congress of Vienna, played a major role in gaining a reasonable settlement for France |
| Balance of Power | Basically was about how, when redrawing the maps, all the countries would be equal in size and power |
| Legitimacy or Restoration | All the old Monarchs got their power back |
| Compensation | Reps f/ the Congress of Vienna agreed Napoleonic War people would get more territory as an award |
| Quadruple Alliance | Worked together to keep a balance of power-4 Countries (GB, Prussia, Austria, Russia) |
| Louis Napoleon | Nephew of Napoleon, elected so constitute assembly could be a constitution |
| Carlsbad Decrees | Introduced Press Censorship |
| The People's Charter (6 Demands) | 1-Universale male suffrage~2-Annual general election~3-Equal electoral districts~4-Secret Ballot~5-No property qualifications for parliament~6-Distribution of salaries to Parliament |
| Corn Laws | Put taxes on imported Corn so that farmers could make more money |
| Tories | Conservatives |
| Conservatives | Upperclassmen who wanted no reform |
| Italian Unification | Started in Sardinia/Piedmont because the people liked it when Napoleon unified Italy |
| Sardinia and Piedmont | Started the Unification of Italy |
| Kingdom of 2 Sicilies | Garibaldi's Red Shirts fought and won the Kingdom of 2 Sicilies for Italy |
| Garibaldi | Led the Red Shirts, won Kingdom of 2 Sicilies |
| Cavour | Set up building projects, new tariffs, and new land boundaries to help modernize Sardinia and Piedmont~Also allied with other countries to get Italy the land they needed~Responsible for the Unification of Italy |
| Victor Emmanuel | King of Italy during unification |
| Problems with a Unified Italy | Conflict with the Catholic Church, Economic Differences (north was industrialized), and radicals didn't think the government was radical enough |
| Bismarck | Mainly responsible for unification of Germany~4 main attempts-1-Schleswig/Holstein-2-Austro/Prussian War-3-Southern Catholic States-4-Franco/Prussian War |
