| A | B |
|---|
| mutation | a sudden change in the structure or the amount of genetic material |
| chromosomal mutation | an abnormal change in the structure of all or part of a chromosome or in the number of chromosomes an organism has |
| gene mutation | a change that affects a gene on a chromosome |
| mutagens | factors in the environment that cause mutation |
| translocation | the transfer of a part of a chromosome to a nonmomologous chromosome |
| inversion | this occurs when a piece of chromosome is rotated, which reverses the order of genes in that segment |
| addition | when a piece of a chrmosome breaks off and attatches to a homologous chromosome |
| deletion | when a piece of a chromosome breaks off, resulting in the loss of some genes |
| nondisjunction | the addition or loss of a whole chromosome |
| polyploidy | a condition in which cells have some multiple of the normal chromosome |
| point mutation | a gene that involves a single nucleotide |
| frameshift mutation | when a nucleotide is added or removed at some point, all the triplet codons beyond that point are changed |
| pedigree chart | a diagram that shows the presence or absence of a particular trait in each member of each generation |
| sickle-cell disease | a recessive inherited disorder in which the red blood cells have an abnormal sickle shape |
| down syndrome | a disorder that results from an extra copy of chromosome number 21 |
| karyotyping | a person's genetic makeup may be examined by this process |
| amniocentesis | a process in which a long needle is inserted into the amniotic sac of a pregnant woman at about the sixteenth week of pregancy |
| chorionic villus sampling | a sample of the chorion,part of the placenta, is removed for examination |
| ultra-sound | the determine the size and position of a developing fetus, a procedure using high-frequency sound waves may be used |
| fetoscopy | a technique that allows direct obeservation of the fetus and tissues |
| selection | the process for chosing organisms with the most desirable traits for mating |
| inbreeding | the mating of closely related individuals to obtain desired characteristics |
| hybridization | when individuals who are not closely related are mated to introduce new, beneficial alleles intothe population |
| genetic engineering | the process that allows biologists to engineer a set of genetic changes directly into an organism's DNA |
| restriction enzymes | genes cut at specific DNA sequences by proteins |
| plasmids | small, ring-shaped segments of DNA |
| recombinant DNA | DNA that has been altered by genetic engineering |
| clone | a large number of cells grown from a single cell |
| gene therapy | the replacement of defective genes |
| genome | all the genes possessed by an organism |
