| A | B |
|---|
| secular | nonreligious |
| predestination | belief that God already has decided what will happen |
| dogma | official teachings of the Church |
| Ninety-Five Theses | statement written by Martin Luther |
| conquistadors | Spanish conquerors of the 1500s |
| viceroys | governors of Spain's settlements in the Americas |
| creoles | people born in the colonies of European parents |
| mestizos | offspring of Spanish or Portuguese and Native American parents |
| mulattoes | offspring of European and African parents |
| capitalism | economic system in which individuals invest money in the hope of gaining profit |
| stock | shares of the capital of a company |
| shareholder | owner of stock in a company |
| mercantilism | theory that government control of the nation's economic interests strengthens the nation |
| bourgeoisie | the middle class |
| Huguenots | a group of French Protestants |
| intendants | French royal government officials |
| Puritans | Protestants who thought the Anglican Church in England was too Catholic |
| Cavaliers | supporters of Charles I during the English civil war |
| Roundheads | parliamentarians and Puritans who opposed royalists in the English civil war |
| Estates-General | a French represenatative body similar to England's Parliament |
| parliamentary government | a political system in which a body of representatives makes laws and limits the power of the monarch |
| Declaration of Rights | an English document limiting royal authority |
| Act of Toleration | an English document allowing more freedom to Protestants |
| czar | title for the Russian emperor |
| militarism | policy of relying on military power |
| balance of power | prevention of any one nation from becoming too powerful |
| rationality | belief in the use of reason to gain knowledge |
| limited constitutional monarchy | system of government in which controls are placed on the power of a king or queen |
| dynasty | series of rulers from the same family |
| democracy | form of government in which the people hold the power to rule |
| republic | form of government run by elected representatives |
| feudalism | political system based on mutural obligation between lords and vassals |
| absolutism | system of government in which the ruler controls all the functions of the state |
| technology | methods of solving practical problems |
| entrepreneur | person who takes the intitial risk of organizing a business to make a profit |
| scientific method | the gathering and interpreting of information based on experimentation and observation |
| objectivity | rationality without emotion or intuition |
| heliocentric theory | theory that the earth and planets revolve around the sun |
| mechanistic world view | belief that natural laws govern the universe |
| conscription | drafting of elgible people into military service |
| primogeniture | practice whereby the oldest son inherits a family's property |
| nationalism | love of one's country |
| industrialization | shift to production of goods using power-driven machines in large factories |
| enclosure movement | fencing in of common lands traditionally used for cultivation or grazing |
| mass production | making many copies of one item using standard parts |
| corporation | form of business ownership that is authorized by law to act as a single "person" |
| free enterprise | freedom to do business in a competitive market with little government regulation |
| union | association of workers joined to protect their interests |
| laissez faire | policy that business should not be regulated |
| utilitarianism | belief that people should strive for the greatest happiness for the greatest number |
| socialism | a system in which either the government or the whole society, rather than individuals controls the means of production |
| proletariat | the working class |
| communism | the final stage of socialism as defined by Marx and Engels |
| liberalism | philosophy supporting individual rights, progress, and representative government |
| Marxism | a form of socialism |
| impressionism | styles of painting concerned with capturing a moment in time using rapid strokes and small dabs of color |
| evolution | idea that all forms of life have developed through natural selection |
| social Darwinism | social theory stressing"survival of the fittest" |
| conservatism | political philosophy of rule by aristocrats |
| suffrage | right to vote |
